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Foreword
protectedfrominterferenceorpressurefromoutsidesources(includ-
ing,ifnotprincipally,fromtheexecutiveandthelegislativebranches
ofgovernment),aswellasfrominsidesources(otherjudges);thelatter
-judicialimpartiality-ismoreconcernedwithhowajudgeorjudges
dealwithaparticularcase.
Judicialindependenceisinextricablyboundwiththeconstitutional
frameworkofanationanditslegaltradition.Detailswill,therefore,in-
evitablyvaryfromjurisdictiontojurisdiction,butcertainbasicfeatures
aretodayuniversallyrecognised:securityoftenure;financialsecurity;
transparencyandobjectivityinappointment,promotionandtransfer.
Forjudgeswhofailintheirduties,disciplinaryproceedingsmustbe
undertakenbeforeanindependentbody,withthepossibilityofrecourse
beforeacourt.
Oneareawhichinthepastmaynothavereceivedmuchattentionis
thatofjudicialindependencewithinthesystemoftheadministrationof
justiceitself.AsmycolleagueJudgeLinos-AlexandreSicilianosobserved
inhisconcurringopiniontheinthecaseofBakav.Hungary3,“Judges
mustbefree,intheirindividualcapacity,notonlyfromanyexternal
influence,butalsofromany‘inside’influence.This‘internaljudicial
independence’impliesthatjudgesdonotreceiveinstructionsandare
notsubjectedtopressurefromtheircolleaguesorfrompersonsexercis-
ingadministrativeresponsibilitiesinacourt,suchasthepresidentof
acourtorthepresidentofacourt’ssection…Theabsenceofsufficient
guaranteesensuringjudges’independencewithinthejudicialbranch,
andespeciallyvis-à-vistheirsuperiorswithinthejudicialhierarchy,
couldleadtheCourttoconcludethatanapplicant’sdoubtsastothe
independenceandimpartialityofacourtmaybesaidtohavebeen
objectivelyjustified.”
ItiswithgreatsatisfactionthatInotethatJudgeŁazarskadealsalso
withthisissueofinternalindependence,andwithmuchmorebesides.
Herstudycoversingreatdetailpracticallyeveryaspectofjudicialin-
dependence.Itisaparticularlywelcomestudyatatimewheninsome
3EuropeanCourtofHumanRights,GrandChamber,23June2016.
