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3.ThearchaeologyandhistoryofEast-CentralEurope...
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themasaKgreatpeople”,subjectsofMaroboduus,kingoftheMarcomanni.The
nextpieceofinformationishandeddownbyTacitus
70
andreferstoaroundAD50,
whentheLugiitookpartinaninvasionandcontributedtothefalloftheQuadi
stateofVannius.RelatinginformationcollectedduringtheAD90s,Tacitus
71
mentionstheLugiorumnomen,whichmaybetranslatedastheLugianfederation.72
Thisissaidtohaveoccupiedalargeterritoryandtohaveconsistedofseveraltribes.
OftheseTacitusnamedfive.Furthermore,accordingtoareferenceinCassius
Dio,73theLugiiwereinconflictwiththeSuebians(note,thattheMarcomanni
andtheQuadiwereSuebian)andalliedthemselveswiththeRomansinAD
91/92.TheEmperorDomitianassistedtheLugiiwithasmallunitofahundred
horsemen.Finally,ClaudiusPtolemy
74
recordsthenamesofthreeLugianpeoples,
whichlendsweighttotheargumentabouttheexistenceofatribalallianceofthe
Lugii.75Furtherreferenceslaterthanthesecondcenturyfoundinotherclassical
authorshavebeeninterpretedasrelatedtotheLugiibutthisinterpretationisnot
fullycertain.Acoherentbut,owingtothelimitedsources,quitehypothetical
reconstructionofthehistoryoftheLugiiwasmadebyJerzyKolendo
76
basingupon
theconclusionsofotherresearchersaswellashisownfindings.InJ.Kolendo’s
view,thenameLugiimostlikelyreferstoanactivegroupofCeltswhowouldhave
playedakeyroleinthemakingoftheLugianfederation.Giventhatintheterritory
tothenorthoftheSudetesandtheCarpathianstheCeltswereintheminority,
thetribalalliancewaspresumablydominatedbytheGermanicelement,sothere
cannothavebeentoomanyethnicCeltsparticipatinginit.Itisunclearwhenthe
Lugianfederationcameintobeing,butinearlyfirstcenturyADtheLugiiwere
alreadydescribedasagreatpeople.Neitherisitknownwhenthealliancecame
toanend.AccordingtoJerzyKolendo,itissignificantthatnoreferencestothe
LugiiarefoundintheaccountsofclassicalhistorianswritingoftheMarcomannic
Wars.Instead,theVandili(Vandals)appearinthesourcesasacollectivenamefor
anumberofsmallertribes.Thus,itmaybereasonabletoacceptthatthename
Vandals,atribeorseveraltribespreviouslyincludedintheLugianfederation,had
prevailedovertheoldername,theLugii.DuringtheMarcomannicWars,around
AD170,theVandalsmadeittothebordersofRomanDacia,andsubsequently,one
oftheVandaltribes,theHasdingi,occupiedwithRomanpermissionsomelandsin
theregionontheUpperTisa.Thisaccountagreeswellwiththearchaeologically
recognizablemigrationofthePrzeworskculturepopulationtothisterritory.In
alaterperiod,startingfromthesecondhalfofthethirdcentury,theVandalsappear
intheroleofoneofthekeyopponentsoftheRomanstate.
70Tac.Ann.XII,29-30.
71Tac.Germ.,43.
72Kolendo2008a,pp.161-162.
73CassDioLXVII,5,2.
74Ptol.Geog.II,11,10.
75Kolendo2008a,p.162.
76Kolendo2005,pp.109-118;Kolendo2008a,pp.160-170.
