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3.ThearchaeologyandhistoryofEast-CentralEurope...
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wouldplayitselfoutthelengthofthelongroutethroughGaul,easternSpain
andnorthernItaly.TheCimbriandtheTeutoneswerefinallydefeatedbythe
Romansin102and101BC.
Apartfromthesespectacularbutveryrareepisodes,inthefinalcenturiesBC
thenorthernbarbarianswerenotinvolvedinanymajorpoliticaleventaffecting
theMediterraneanworld.Thispresumablyexplainsthelackofreferencesin
historicalsourcestothesituationtothenorthoftheSudetesandtheCarpathians
duringthisperiod.Quitealotisknownontheotherhandabouttheeventstaking
placeinthefinaldecadesBCandthefirstdecadesADtothesouthofthesetwo
mountainranges,andtothewestofthem,intheregionbetweentheRhineand
theElbe.In51BCJuliusCaesarconcludedhisconquestofGaulasaresultof
whichtheRhinebecametheborderdividingtheRomanstatefromtheterritory
occupiedbyGermanictribes.TheCeltswerelosinggroundalsointheEast.In
the70s-40sBCanewmajorpoliticalplayerinthelandsontheDanubewerethe
Dacians,ledbytheirkingBurebista.ThecentreoftheirstatewasinTransylvania.
TheDaciansnotonlydefeatedtheCelts,includingtheBoiithenresidingonthe
MiddleDanube,theyalsolaidwastetotheterritorytothesouthoftheDanube
andevendestroyedsomeoftheGreekcitiesontheBlackSeacoast.
DuringthereignofEmperorAugustus,aseriesofsuccessfulmilitarycampaigns
wasfoughtontheDanube,andRomeexpandeditsbordersevenmore.In16BC,
RometookcontroloftheeasternAlpineregionandestablishedtheprovinceof
Noricum.Ayearlater,theconquestofRaetia,lyingalittlemoretothewest,was
complete.In12-10BC,thenewprovinceofPannoniawasestablishedtotheeast
ofNoricum.ThegreatrevoltofthePannoniantribesagainsttheRomansofAD
6-9wascrushed.Finally,between29BCandAD15theRomansoccupiedthe
territoryontheleftbankoftheLowerDanubewheretheyestablishedtheprovince
ofMoesia.Thus,theborderoftheRomanstateextendedalongtheentirelength
oftheDanube.ContemporaneouslywiththeconquestofthelandsontheDanube,
theRomanarmyalsomadewarontheGermanictribeslivingtotheeastofthe
Rhine.In12-9BCtheRomansgainedcontroloftheterritorybetweentheRhine
andtheElbebutwhentheyweredefeatedinAD9attheTeutoburgForestbythe
CherusciledbyArminiustheseconquestswereforfeited.Thisstateofaffairswas
notalteredbyavictoriousRomancampaignagainsttheCherusciofAD15-16.
Indirectly,themilitaryoperationsontheRhinehadimpactonthedevelopments
ontheMiddleDanube,somethingthatfindsreflectioninthearchaeologicalrecord.
UnderpressurefromtheRomans,theMarcomanniundertheirkingMaroboduus
quittedtheirearlierhomelandontheUpperRhine,andaround9BCmovedinto
Bohemia,previouslyheldbytheCelticBoii.DuringthesameperiodtheQuadi
abandonedtheirlandsontheLowerMainandmovedintotheterritorytotheeast
oftheMarcomanni,inpresent-dayMoraviaandwesternSlovakia.Thepowerful
stateoftheMarcomanniruledbyMaroboduusextendeditsinfluenceovermuch
oftheareawithintheElbewatershed,andpresumably,alsooverapartofthe
territoryofpresent-dayPoland.AfterthefallofthestateofMaroboduusaround