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__Chapter1.Explicitation
surfacemanifestationsofexplicitation.Klaudy(1993)pointsoutthatadditionis
nottheonlyformofexplicitationandnotallcasesofadditionareexplicitations.
Themeaningofadditionintranslationstudiesasphysicalinsertionofsur-
faceelementsiscloselyconnectedtoanotherpartiallyoverlappingterm,namely
amplification.Ascanbeinferredfromthedefinitionthatappearsunderthe
entry“Amplification”intheterminologicalglossaryofDelisleetal.(1999),itis
clearlytantamounttophysicaladditiondiscussedaboveandisdefinedas
atranslationprocedurewherethetranslatorusesmorewordsinthetarget
textthanwerepresentinthesourcetextinordertore-expressanideaorto
reinforcethesenseofawordfromthesourcetextwhosecorrespondenceinthe
targetlanguagecannotbeexpressedasconcisely(ł)Ilpilotaitlui-mêmedes
coucousrafistolés.→Heevenpilotedtheoldpatched-togethercrates.(Delisle
etal.1999:116)
Itisinterestingtonotethatboththedefinitionandtheexemplificationprovided
indicateobligatoryexplicitation(seeSection1.1.2),andnotunmotivatedaddi-
tion.Thisisfurtherconfirmedbytheadditionalremarksonthetermampli-
ficationwhichcanbefoundinthePolishadaptationoftheglossaryofDelisle
etal.undertheequivalententry“Amplifikacja,”wherewecanreadthatitis
aresultofsystemicdifferencesbetweenSLandTLorconstraintsinherentin
interlingualtransfer(Tomaszkiewicz2004:23).Tomaszkiewiczalsopointsout
thatamplificationisnotalwaysdesirableasinsomecases,itmightbeameth-
odologicalerrorofthetranslator,anditsoverusemaydeterioratethequality
ofthetargettext.Inthisapproach,amplificationisclearlyviewedasabroader
termthanthatdescribedintheoriginalworkbyDelisleetal.andencompasses
variousformsoftargettextexpansion,whethertheresultingshiftsareobliga-
tory,optional,orredundant.
Delisleetal.
)s(1999)understandingofamplificationcorrespondstoVinay
andDarbelnet)sdefinitionoftheterm,whoperceiveitas“thetranslation
techniquewherebyatargetlanguageunitrequiresmorewordsthanthesource
languagetoexpressthesameidea”(Vinay&Darbelnet1958l1995:339),em-
phasisingitsobligatorycharacter.Nevertheless,elsewhereintheirwork,they
admitthatintechnicaltranslation,theuseofamplificationisoptionalrather
thancompulsory(p.204).
ThetermamplificationalsoappearsintheworkofNida,who,asalready
mentionedinthissection,lists“amplificationfromimplicittoexplicitstatus”
(Nida1964:227)asoneofhisadditions.Hedefinesthisshiftastakingplace
when“importantsemanticelementscarriedimplicitlyinthesourcelanguage
mayrequireexplicitidentificationinthereceptorlanguage”(p.228).Thus,Nida)s
amplificationamountstoobligatoryexplicitation,likeinthecaseofDelisleetal.
(1999)andVinayandDarbelnet(1958l1995).