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1.1Definingexplicitation___
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However,closerexaminationofotherclassificationsoftranslationtech-
niquesindicatesterminologicalinconsistencies.Nida)s(1964)broaddefinition
ofadditionencompassesshiftsclearlycorrespondingtoexplicitationandsome
amplificationsrequiredbysystemicdifferencesbetweenSTandTT,butappar-
entlydoesnotsubsumeadditionsasperceivedbyDelisleetal.(1999).Nida
(1964)listsadditioninthecategoryoftechniquesofadjustment,theveryname
ofwhichsuggeststhatitisbynomeansanundesirableprocedure.Infact,he
emphasisesthattheseareelementsthat“maylegitimatelybeincorporatedinto
atranslation”(p.227).Nidamentionsdifferentreasonsthatmightinducethe
translatortoresorttoanaddition:toavoidambiguityinthetargetlanguage,
toclarifyellipticalexpressions,toaddconnectivesandclassifiers,toamplify
implicitelements,tochangeagrammaticalcategory,toperformnecessarygram-
maticalrestructuring,etc.ItbecomesclearthenthatNidaregardsadditionas
amoregeneralconceptthanexplicitation.
AnotherperceptionofadditionappearsintheworkofEnglundDimitrova
(1993),forwhomthesetwotermsarelargelysynonymous,assheusesthem
interchangeably.
Inturn,Krüger)s(2013)stanceonadditionistheonewhichreflectstheun-
derstandingofthetermprevailinginmostrecentstudiesonexplicitation,even
thoughthedistinctionbetweenadditionandexplicitationisnotalwaysovertly
discussed.Heclaimsthat:
Thedistinctionbetweenexplicitationandadditionisconcernedwiththeex-
tenttowhichnewinformationintroducedinthetargettextcanreasonablybe
claimedtobeimplicitinthesourcetext.(ł)Ifacertainpieceofinforma-
tionthatisverbalisedinthetargettextisabsentfromthesourcetextandnot
deemedtobeimplicitinit,thiswouldbeconsideredaninstanceofaddition.
(Krüger2013:288)
Additionalsoappearsfrequentlyinstudiesonexplicitationforadifferentrea-
son-notasanalternativeorrelatedterm,butbecauseitisoneoftheforms
inwhichexplicitationcanbemanifested.Insomecontributions,itisovertly
referredtoasahyponymofexplicitation(e.g.,Séguinot1988;Schjoldager1995;
Klaudy1993;Øverås1998,etc.).Oneofthemanifestationsofexplicitationis
longersurfaceformemployedintargettexts,whichisadirectconsequenceof
additionofsyntacticorlexicalelements.Anothermanifestationisspecification,
namely,replacementofoneunitwithanotherthatismoreinformative,specific,
andtransparent.Thus,aswecansee,additionisalsoperceivedasphysical
addition,inamuchnarrowersensethanadditionleadingtothemodification
oftheinformationcontent.Suchphysicalexamplesofsurfaceadditionwould
be,forinstance,insertingconnectives,fillingoutellipsis,addingmodifiersand
qualifiers,andothers,whichweshalldiscussindetailinChapter2dealingwith