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__Chapter1.Explicitation
Frankenberg-Garcia(2004:2)referstoasvoluntaryexplicitation,thetermwe
wouldrathernotuseasitevokesassociationswithconscious,controlledaction,
andinthiswayarbitrarilyimpliesintentionalstrategicchoices.5Theviewof
explicitationadoptedinthepresentstudyisprobablybestreflectedinSéguinot)s
(1988:108)claimstatingthat“toprovethattherewasexplicitation,theremust
havebeenthepossibilityofacorrectbutlessexplicitorpreciseversion.”
1.1.3Explicitationversusaddition,amplification,andovertranslation
AsalreadysignalledinSection1.1.1,duetothelackofclear-cutdefinitions,dif-
ferentlabelshavebeenusedintheliteraturetodescribeoverlappingphenom-
ena,withdifferentauthorsassociatingsimilartextualphenomenawithdifferent
categories.Explicitationisoftendiscussedinthecontextofotherrelatedandlor
partiallyoverlappingterms,suchasaddition,amplification,andovertranslation.
Inthissection,weshallseehowthesetermsareusedinthetranslationstudies.
Additionisthetermthatappearsinalmostanydiscussiononexplicitation,
anditisalsotheonewhichprobablycausesmostconfusionduetoitsdualrole
-asarelatedtermbutalsoasaformofexplicitation.However,relativelyfew
studiesonexplicitationactuallyaddresstheissueofthedistinctionbetweenthese
twoconcepts(exceptforKlaudy1993,1998l2011;Steiner2005;Gumul2006d;
Hansen-Schirraetal.2007;Kamenická2007a;andKrüger2013).Aspointed
outbysomeresearchers(Kamenická2007a;Krüger2013),drawingaborderline
betweenadditionandexplicitationisvitalinunderstandingthelatterphenom-
enon.Italsohelpstoidentifyproperlyexplicitatingshifts.Kamenická(2007a:
51)stressesthatthedistinctionbetweenthesetwotermsisespeciallyimportant
indescriptivetranslationstudies.
Whencontrasted,thesetwotermsappeartohavetheirowndistinctive
features:whereasadditionreferstointroducingnewmeaningfulelementsthat
changetheinformationcontent,leadingtonon-equivalence,inthecaseof
explicitation,theresultingshiftdoesnotmodifythemessageandisinferable
fromthesourcetextorretrievablefromtheco-textorcontext.Thisperception
ofadditionisreflectedintheworkofDelisleetal.(1999:115),forwhomaddi-
tionisatranslationerrorwhichconsistsinintroducingunjustifiedsuperfluous
elementsandinformationorstylisticeffectsthatarenotpresentinthesource
text.Theauthorsstressthatadditionshouldnotbeconfusedwithexplicitation,
thelatterbeingjustified.Inthisapproach,explicitationamountstointroducing
precisedetailsintothetargettextforclarificationorisconditionedbyconstraints
imposedbythetargetlanguage(Delisleetal.1999:139).
5
Aspreviousresearchshows(e.g.,Gumul2006a),explicitationisnotalwaysaconscious
strategicchoiceofaninterpreter.Somestudiesonwrittentranslationalsoacknowledgethatin
somecasesexplicitationmightbeinvoluntary(e.g.,Blum-Kulka1986;Hopkinson2007).