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__Chapter1.Explicitation
moreovertcohesivedevices“regardlessoftheincreasetraceabletodifferences
betweenthetwolinguisticandtextualsystemsinvolved”(Blum-Kulka1986:19).
However,notallresearchersshareBlum-Kulka)sopinion.Insomestudies-in-
terestingly,irrespectiveofthepublicationdate-thetermexplicitationhasbeen
usedasanumbrellatermcoveringunavoidableshiftswhichinevitablyleadto
greaterexplicitness.
Althoughtheydonotcommentexplicitlyonthisissue,VinayandDarbelnet
(1958l1995)clearlyattributesomecasesofexplicitationtothesystemicdiffer-
encesbetweenthelanguagesinvolved.Thisisunderstandablegiventheobjective
andscopeoftheirwork,whichisessentiallyacontrastiveratherthanpurely
translationalapproach.Similarly,Delisleetal.(1999:139)claimthatinsome
cases,explicitationmaybe“duetoconstraintsimposedbythetargetlanguage.”
ExplicitationrequiredbydifferentgrammaticalsystemsisalsopartofKlaudy)s
(1998l2011)broadtaxonomy,3inwhichshedistinguishesbetweenobligatory,
optional,pragmatic,andtranslation-inherentexplicitation,consideringallof
theresultingshiftsaslegitimatecasesofexplicitation.Inthesamevein,Hop-
kinson(2008)distinguishesbetweentranslation-inherentexplicitatingshiftsand
language-constrainedones(althoughobligatoryexplicitationisnottheobject
ofhisstudy),thelattercategorycorrespondingtoKlaudy)sbothobligatoryand
optionalexplicitation.
Obligatoryexplicitationisconditionedbythedifferencesinthesyntactic
andsemanticstructureofthelanguages.Thesearetheshiftswhichthetransla-
torisobligedtoperform;otherwise,thetargettextwouldbeungrammatical
(Klaudy1998l2011:106).Giventhatlanguagesdifferintheirinherentlevelsof
explicitnessduetotypologicaldifferences(Séguinot1988;House2004),transla-
tionsincertainlanguagepairsandcertaindirectionsoftranslationtriggermore
obligatoryexplicitatingshifts.Thisis,forexample,thecaseoftranslationfrom
syntheticintoanalyticlanguages.Forinstance,Klaudyidentifiesgrammatical
features,suchas,amongothers,lackofprepositionsandpresenceofcomplex
inflectedcaseendingsinsyntheticHungarian,whichresultinmanyadditions
inthesurfacestructurewhentranslatedintoEnglish(Klaudy1993:72).
Themostfrequentcausesofobligatoryshiftsaretheso-calledmissingcat-
egories(Klaudy1993:72).Inquantitativeterms,translationsfromPolishinto
Englishwouldincludemanyobligatoryadditions,forinstance,intheformof
indefiniteanddefinitearticles.Asaresult,definitenessorindefinitenessare
moreeffectivelyencodedinEnglish.Bycontrast,inqualitativeterms,gender-
markedverbsinPolishmakethetranslationofcertainverbalforms,likeIwas,
moreexplicit,aswehavetooptforoneofthetwovariantsdependingonthe
genderofthesubject:themasculineformbyłemorfemininebyłam.Vinayand
Darbelnet(1958l1995)alsogiveexamplesofstructuralambiguitythatinevitably
3
Foradetailedaccountofexplicitationtaxonomies,seeSection1.2.