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PartySysteminPoland
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tookplacein1991.On28June1991,electoralsystemforthePolishRepublic’s
Sejmwasproclaimed.Tirty-sevenlarge(incomparisontotheprevioussystem)
constituencies,with7to17seatseach,werecreated.Toseformationswhichhad
morethan5%ofvotesorwonseatsinatleastfivedistrictsparticipatedinthe
divisionof69seatsfromthenationallist.Tenationallistwasnotvotedfor,and
itcouldincludecandidateswhosimultaneouslyranforofceintheconstituency
lists.TeHare-Niemeyermethod,modifiedbytheSainte-Laguëmethod,wasused
tocalculatethenumberofvotesintothenumberofseats.Teelectoralsystemdid
notstipulateintroducingelectionthresholdsonthelevelofconstituents.Suchan
electoralsystemdidnotforcepartieseithertocreatelargecoalitionsortomerge
smallerparties.Onehundredelevenelectoralcommitteestookpartintheseelec-
tions,whichincluded29nationaland18regionalcommittees,and64committees
putupacandidateonlyinoneconstituency[Piasecki2012:53].
Asaresult,representativesof29politicalformationswonseatsintheSejm.Eleven
formationsgainedoneseateach.Tenlargestpartieswonfrom12.3%to3.2%of
votes.Testrongestparty,theDemocraticUnion(UniaDemokratyczna,UD)had
62MPs.Tevotersdissipatedtheirvotes,whichwasaidedbytheelectoralsystem.
However,otherphenomenaplayedalsoimportantrolesinthissituation,among
themthebreakdownwithinthecommunityof“Solidarność”[Piasecki2012:53].
Tesituationafer1991wascharacterisedbythefactthatpost-Solidarnośćparties,
althoughtheyhadthemajorityofseatsintheSejm,weresovariedthatitwasdifcult
toseeapossibilitytocreateastablegoverningcoalitionbythoseparties.Moreover,
threeformations-DemocraticLefAlliance(SojuszLewicyDemokratycznej,SLD)
(anelectioncoalitionof13formationsaroundSocialDemocracyoftheRepublic
ofPoland),PolishPeople’sParty,andtheConfederationofIndependentPoland
(KonfederacjaPolskiNiepodległej,KPN),whichcontrolledover150seats,forvar-
iousreasonsdidnotparticipateintheprocessofbuildingacoalition[Jednaka
1995:137].Consequently,creatingamajorityandbuildingacoalitionrequiredan
agreementbetween7or8parties.Duringtheterm,thepoliticalstructureofthe
Sejmshifed,andnewpoliticalclubswerecreated.Atthesametime,publicsupport
forparticularformationsalsofluctuated.Intime,asituationsimilartothatfrom
before1991tookplace:thelargepartofsocietydidnotoferanysupportfortheir
representativesintheparliament.
Achangeintheelectoralsystemwasthemainreasonbehindashifinthechar-
acterofthe1993elections.Tosechangesfavouredlargepoliticalformations.One
ofthemostcrucialdiferencesincludedtheD’Hondtmethodappliedtoallocating
seatsandestablishing52constituenciesinthecountry,whichpracticallymeant
theyweresmallerincomparisonto37constituenciesinthepreviouselections.
Consequently,thenumberofseatsallocatedtoeachconstituencywasalsosmaller,
and,therefore,weakerpartieshadasmallerchanceofwinningseats.Otherchanges
