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B
back-formation(derivation)-derywacjawsteczna
Teformationofawordbythedeletionofmaterialwhicheitherisorappears
tobeanafx.Forexample,English(to)editwascreatedfromthenounform
editorbyback-formation,throughthedeletionof-or(televisefromtelevi-
sion).Back-formationisoneofthemajorprocessesbywhichcompoundverbs
areformedinEnglish,forexampletobaby-sitfrombaby-sitter,double-glaze
fromdoubleglazing.
backvowel-samogłoskatylna(ciemna)
Avowelarticulatedwiththebackpartofthetonguerelativelyhighinthe
mouth,e.g.lal;bycontrastwithafrontvowel,inwhichthefrontpartofthe
tongueisrelativelyhighinthemouth,e.g.lil.
Seefrontvowel
Bahuvrīhi,exocentriccompound-bahuvrīhi,złożenieegzocentryczne
ASanskrittermdescribingatypeofcompoundwordinwhichanentityis
characterisedwithouteitheroftheconstituentsdirectlynamingit;alsocalled
exocentriccompound.Examplesincludeloudmouth(apersonCwhosemouth
speaksloudly’)andscarecrow(anobjectwhosejobisCtoscarecrows’).Te
SanskritworditselfisanexamplemeaningCmuchrice’(i.e.Cwell-to-do’)(DC).
Balkanleagueoflanguages-bałkańskaligajęzykowa
TeBalkanleagueoflanguagesiscomposedofModernGreek,Albanian,
Bulgarian,andRumanian.Tefirstandthesecondoftheselanguagesconsti-
tutedistinctcategories,BulgarianbelongstotheSlavicfamilyandRumanian
totheRomancefamily.Allfouroftheselanguageswereverydiferentfrom
oneanotherinstructurebetweenthe6thand10thcenturiesADwhenthey
cameintogeographicalcontact.However,inthecourseofthelastseveralcen-
turies,owingtotheirmutualinfluencesoftheirsyntacticandmorphological
systems,aseriesofinnovationsoccurredmakingtheselanguagessimilarto
oneanother.
Seeleagueoflanguages,Slaviclanguages,Romancelanguages
Balticlanguages-bałtyckiejęzyki
AbranchofIndo-EuropeanincludingLatvian,Lithuanian,plustheextinct
OldPrussian,Jatvingian,Curonian,andSelonian.Latvianisthelanguage
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