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afx.Veryofen,thoughnotalways,augmentativesareinterpretedpragmati-
callyasbeingbadornastyinsomesense.
Australianlanguages-australijskiejęzyki
TeindigenouslanguagesofAustralia,numberingabout250atthetimeof
theEuropeansettlement.MostAustralianlanguagestransparentlybelong
tothelargePama-Nyunganfamily,butthenorthwestcoastisoccupiedby
afurthertwenty-oddfamilieswhicharetypologicallyverydiferentfrom
Pama-Nyungan.TeextinctTasmanianlanguagesaresparselyrecordedand
difculttoclassify.
SeeTasmanianlanguages
Austronesianlanguages-austronezyjskiejęzyki
Avastlanguagefamily,withnearly1,000languages,extendingfromthewest-
ernIndianOceantotheeasternPacific.Tefamilyincludesvirtuallyallthe
languagesofMadagascar,Malaysia,Indonesia,thePhilippines,Taiwan,New
ZeelandandtheislandsofthePacific,plussomecoastallanguagesofNew
Guinea.Amongthebetterknownlanguagesare:Malay-Indonesian,Javanese,
Tagalog,Maori,Samoan,Fijian,etc.
automatictranslation-tłumaczenieautomatyczne
Tetermreferstooneoftheresearchareasthathavedevelopedincomputa-
tionallinguistics;theotherareasbeingnaturallanguageprocessing,speech
synthesis,speechrecognition,etc.
Seecomputationallinguistics
autonomouslinguistics-językoznawstwoautonomiczne
Aviewoflinguisticsrepresentedbystructuralistsandtransformational-
generativelinguists(cf.Chomsky1957,1965l66,1968,1975,1986).Forstruc-
turalists,languageisautonomousinthesensethatitisself-contained,with
itsownstructure,itsownconstitutiveprinciples,anditsowndynamics.Inthe
structuralistview,theworldoutthereandhowpeopleinteractwithit,how
theyperceiveandconceptualiseit,areextra-linguisticfactorswhichdonot
impingeonthelanguagesystemitself.Andfortransformational-generative
linguists,thenotionoftheautonomyoflanguagehasacquiredadiferent
sense;languageisnolongerregardedasself-containedsystem,independ-
entofitsuser,rathertheobjectofinvestigationisausystemofknowledge”
residinginaperson’sbrain.(Chomsky1986:24referredinTaylor1991:18).
Chomskyclaimsthatthehumanmindconsistsofcomponents(umodules”)
which,thoughinteracting,developandoperateindependently.Oneofthese
componentsiswhatChomskycallslanguagefaculty.Onthisumodularity
approach,”languageisautonomousinthesensethatthelanguagefaculty
A
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