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1.Spartantreatiesofthearchaicperiod:ananalysisofthesources
Peekpεδενlἀνhiένt[ocπoλεp§ν]Gschnitzerἀνhiέpε[νδὲpoχopένoc]Luppe13-14πoG)ὃ
Λ[oKεδoi]-|poνίocLuppeπoGόν[πεpΛoKεδoi]-|poνίocPeek14-15φεύγoν[tocδὲδεKέσGo]-
|hoνKεKoiνoνεK[όtocł]Kelly15-16KεKoiνoνεK[όtocἀδiKε]-|pάtoνproposedwithhesitation
byPeek,restoredbyGschnitzer
TreatywiththeAitoloi[...].Tereshallbefriendship,peaceandalliancewiththe
Aitoloi[...]ontheconditionthattheywillfollowtheLakedaimonianswhithersoever
theymayleadthem,bothonlandandonsea,havingthesamefriendsandenemies
astheLakedaimonians.Teyshallnotbeallowedtoendawarwithanybodywith-
outtheLakedaimonians[...]tothesameplaceastheLakedaimonians.Teyshall
notadmittheexileswhohadparticipatedinmisdeeds.Ifanyonegoestowaragainst
theterritoryoftheErxadieis,theLakedaimoniansshouldcometoaidwithalltheir
strength,accordingtotheirmeans.Ifanyonegoestowaragainsttheterritoryofthe
Lakedaimonians,theErxadieisshouldcometoaidwithalltheirstrength,according
totheirmeans[...].
Tus,theSpartan-Aitoliantreatyconsistedofthreeunilateralobligationsof
theAitoloi:1)tofollowthehegemonstatewhithersoeveritmaylead;2)tohavethe
samefriendsandenemiesasthehegemon;3)nottoadmit(unspecified)exiles.
4
Terestitutioninll.4-10ofthecombinedformulaCtofollowtheLakedaimonians
whithersoevertheymaylead,onlandandonsea,andtohavethesamefriends
andenemiesastheLakedaimonians)whichisattestedinSpartantreatiesdatedto
theturnofthefifhandfourthcenturies,doesnotraiseanydoubts.Tefindwas
recognisedastheproofoftheantiquityoftheformulaand,consequently,ofthe
stabilityoftheformulausedinSpartanalliancetreaties.
5
Asithasbeenalreadysaid,Peekdatedtheinscriptionto500-470BCE,taking
intoconsiderationthepossibilitythatitcouldbeslightlylater,thoughprobably
notlaterthanthemid-fifhcentury.
6
Suchanearlydatewasbasedexclusivelyon
4
Ontheclauseconcerningmutualaid(Schutzklausel)betweentheSpartansandErxadieis
seebelow,pp.35-37.
5
Ontheclauseforbiddingtheadmissionofexilesseebelow,p.29.
6
Peek(1974)10-12.Tedatewasacceptedwithoutquestioning,oronlywithlittlehesi-
tation,bymanyscholars;see,amongothers,Gschnitzer(1978)1and34,SantiAmantini
(1979-1980)474(cf.488),Steinbrecher(1985)54-55,Graeber(1992)141,Tausend(1992)
175,Lipka(2002)26(butcf.ibidem,n.118),Giovannini(2007)251-252and377.Welwei
(2004b)220(cf.Welwei[2007]44n.22),byacceptingGschnitzer)srestorationCexceptfor
Mantinea)
,wantedtomakeaconnectionbetweentheinscriptionandthetimeofthebattleof
Dipaia,wheretheSpartansfoughtagainstallArkadiansexceptfortheMantineans(seebelow,
pp.51-56).TeideathattheSpartanswouldmaketheprovisionthatthealliancewiththe
AitoloicannotbeaimedagainstMantineaisabsurd,foritsuggeststhattheSpartanswerenotthe
dominantparty.Cozzoli(1985)68-69,ontheonehandadoptedtheepigraphicalargumentsof
