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Deci(2001)andKashdan,Biswas-DienerandKing(2008).However,itshouldbe
clearlyemphasizedthatresearcherstaketheinitiativetointegratebothapproach-
es,notunifythem.AnimportantvoiceinthisdiscussionistakenbyKeyes,
ShmotkinandRyf(2002),whosestudyshowedthatamodelthatincludestwocor-
relatedfactors:subjectivewell-beingandpsychologicalwell-being,corresponds
totheempiricaldatatoagreaterextent,notonlyincomparisontoamodelthat
includestwoorthogonalfactors,butalsowiththatwhichconsistsofonesupe-
riorfactor.Thedivisionbetweenhedonisticandeudaimonisticapproacheshas
itsrootsinphilosophyandarichhistoryofresearchthatshouldnotbeignored.
Itshouldalsobeborneinmindthatnoteveryexperienceofpleasurepromotes
eudaimonisticwell-being,justasnoteveryefortmadeforpersonaldevelopment
willbeassociatedwithpleasure(Ryan,Deci,2001).Thehedonisticcurrentandthe
eudaimonisticcurrentarenotidentical,buttheycomplementeachother,andonly
theirsynthesisallowsustofullyunderstandthemultifacetedpictureofhuman
mentalwell-being.
Selectedmodelsintegrating
hedonisticandeudaimonisticapproachestowell-being
Researchindicatingtheneedtointegratethehedonisticandeudaimonistic
trendsindefiningwell-beinghavechallengedpreviouslyformulatedpsychological
theoriesandraisednewquestionsabouttheveryessenceoftheconstruct.Asacon-
sequence,newtheoreticalmodelswerecreated,whichareaproposalforasynthe-
sisofbothresearchtraditions.
Anexampleofatheorythatcombinesthesetwoperspectivesistheconceptof
self-determinationbyRyanandDeci(2019).Accordingtothebasicassumptionof
theauthors,theachievementofwell-beingispossiblethankstothesatisfactionof
threebasicpsychologicalneeds:theneedforrelationships,competenceandauton-
omy.Theseneedsareuniversal,althoughtheycanbevalueddiferentlybothby
theindividualsthemselvesandtheenvironmentinwhichtheyfunction.Thisleads
todiferencesintheintensityofmotivationtosatisfythemontheintrapsychicand
interindividuallevel.Allactivitiesundertakenbyanindividualareaimedatsatis-
fyingtheseneedsandaredeterminedbytheseneeds.
IntheconceptofRyanandDeci,psychologicalwell-beingispresentedinboth
hedonisticandeudaimonisticterms.Positiveandnegativeafectsaretakenintoac-
count,butvariablessuchasself-actualizationandvitalityarealsoinvolved(Ryan,
Deci,2001,2019).Czapiński(2015)includesthetheoryofself-determinationamong
thosethatintegratebothperspectives,however,hepointsoutthattheauthors
adoptahedonisticmeasureofwell-beingtoagreaterextent,whichmayormaynot
befavoredbycertaineudaimonisticcategories.Similarly,Kashdan,Biswas-Diener
andKing(2008)pointoutthatpositiveafectinRyanandDeci’sresearchistreated
ratherasaby-productofeudaimonistictendencies.
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