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ofothersandsocialapproval.Itmeansself-determination,independenceinaction
andthinking,andresistancetoexternalpressure(Ryf,1989;Ryf,Keyes,1995;
Ryf,Singer,2008).
Tosumup,intheeudaimonistictrend,well-beingismostofenunderstoodas
psychologicalwell-being,associatedwithhighself-acceptance,theabilitytobuild
positiverelationshipswithothers,asenseofautonomyanddirectingone’slifeto-
wardstheachievementofvaluablegoals.
Onewell-beingorseveral?
Thedivisionintohedoniaandeudaimoniaintermsofmentalwell-beingis
clearlyemphasizedintheliterature.Theresultsoftheresearch,whichwereaimed
atcheckingthecomplementarityofbothperspectives,seemtoquestionthetreat-
mentoflifesatisfactionandpositiveemotionalbalanceaswellasthesenseoflife,
self-acceptanceandautonomyastwoseparatecategoriesconstitutinghumanhap-
piness.Themostimportantreportsinthisfieldwillbediscussedbelow.
Firstofall,atentionshouldbepaidtostudiesthatrefertothemostcommon
waysofdefiningwell-beingwithineachofthetwoperspectives,i.e.Diener’s(1984)
three-factormodelofsubjectivewell-beingandRyf’ssix-factormodelofpsycho-
logicalwell-being(1989).
A2002studybyKeyes,Shmotkin,andRyf,conductedwitharepresenta-
tivesampleofAmericans,showedthatthestrengthofthecorrelationbetween
hedonisticandeudaimonisticwell-beingishighatr=.84.Gallagherandhisteam,
alsoinvolvingtheAmericanpopulation,inaseriesofstudiesfrom2009obtained
similarcorrelationcoefcients:r=.92forthefirststudyandr=.78forthesecond
study(Gallagher,Lopez,Preacher,2009).InasimilarstudyconductedinGreat
Britainin2009,theresultswerecomparableandindicatedahighdegreeofde-
pendence:r=.76(Linleyetal.,2009).Theaboveresultsquestionthediscrimi-
natoryvalidityofsubjectivewell-beingandpsychologicalwell-being,considered
byresearcherstobecrucialwhenmeasuringglobalandabstractvariables,such
aswell-being(Fiske,1982,afer:Disabatoetal.,2016).However,allofthemwere
implementedwithintheAnglo-Americanculturalcircle,which,inviewofthe
confirmedrelationshipbetweenthesenseofwell-beingandculturalfactors(e.g.
Diener,Biswas-Diener,2010),becomesasignificantlimitationinformulatingmore
generalconclusions.
Theanswertothesedoubtsandfarbeyondthem,isthestudyofDisabato
andcolleagues(2016).Itisreplicativeinrelationtotheonesdiscussedabove,but
itextendsthecriterionofdiscriminatoryvaliditybythecorrelationoftwotypes
ofwell-beingwithseparatepsychologicalvariables.Importantly,itwasconduct-
edwiththeparticipationofseveralthousandpeoplefromseveralculturalcircles,
thusconstitutinganimportantvoiceinthediscussionontheculturaluniversality
ofthedemonstratedrelationships.Thesurveyinvolved7,617peoplerepresenting
strona9
