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theUnitedStates,Eastern,WesternandCentralEurope,LatinAmerica,Eastand
SouthAsia,andAustraliaandOceania–atotalof109countries.Researchers,using
structuralequationmodeling,builttwoalternativemodelsanddecidedtocheck
whichonehasbeterparameters.Thefirstmodelcontainedoneoverridingfactor
ofwell-being,whichconsistedofsub-factors,representedbysuccessivevariables
relatingtohedonisticandeudaimonisticwell-being.Thesecondmodelcontained
twosuperiorfactorsshapedseparatelybyvariablesrepresentinghedonisticand
eudaimonisticwell-being.Theresultsofconfirmatoryfactoranalysesshowedthat
bothmodelsfittheempiricaldatatoagoodandcomparabledegree.Inaddition,
bothtypesofwell-beingshowedverysimilarrelationshipswiththecorrelates
knownfromtheresultsofpreviousstudies(includingorientationtoseekingpleas-
ureorgratitude).Moreover,thevalueofthecorrelationcoefcientbetweenlatent
variablesforhedonisticandeudaimonisticwell-beingwasveryhighandamounted
tor=.96.Theobtainedpaternofresultswasreplicatedforallregionsoftheworld.
Theresultsofmanystudiesalsoindicatethatthevariablescharacteristicof
bothapproachestowell-beingaresignificantlyrelatedtoeachother.Forexample,
SheldonandNiemiec(2006)showedthatasenseofautonomyisassociatedwith
greaterlifesatisfaction,whileKahanaetal.(2013)showedthataltruismstrong-
lycorrelateswithexperiencingpositiveafect.Thestateofflowcoexistswiththe
experienceofpositiveemotions(Rogatko,2009),andthese,inturn,predisposeto
morefrequentperceptionofmeaningandsenseinlife(Kingetal.,2006).
Diener,SapytaandSuh(1998)pointoutthatthegroupofpeoplewhoseopin-
ionswerefertowhendefininghappiness,i.e.philosophers,psychologistsand
representativesofotherdisciplines,shouldbejoinedbythosewhoarethemain
subjectofempiricalefortsofresearchers–peoplewhorelateinacertainwayto
theirlivesandsenseofhappiness.Therefore,inthecontextofthediscussedprob-
lem,itisalsoworthreferringtotheresultsofresearchinwhichparticipantswere
askedwhat,intheiropinion,constituteshappiness.Forexample,intheresearch
ofCzapińskiandPanek(2015),peoplewereaskedtorespondtostatementsaimed
atdistinguishingsupportersofhedonismandeudaimonism.Itturnedoutthat
declaredhedonists,i.e.peoplewhoconsideredpleasureandabundanceasmore
importantinlife,constituted21.2%ofthesample,whiledeclaredeudaimonists,i.e.
peoplewhochosesenseofmeaningasmoreimportantinlife,represented40.7%
ofthesample.Nearly40%ofpeople,whendefiningthefactorsthatconstitutetheir
happiness,referredtobothhedonisticandeudaimonisticcategories.Thisresult
promptsreflectionontheneedtoredefinehumanwell-being,sothatthewayof
understandingit,whichisthestartingpointforresearchonitsdeterminants,con-
sequences,etc.,isnotsuspendedinatheoreticalvacuum.
Thepositionthatthehedonisticandeudaimonisticapproachesindefining
psychologicalwell-beingcomplementeachotherisdirectlyexpressednotonly
bypsychologistsrepresentingthePolishscientificcommunity,suchasCzapiński
(2015)orTrzebińska(2008),butalsobyforeignresearchers,includingRyanand
strona10
