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MarekADAMKIEWICZ,ArnoldWARCHAŁ
beobservedamongpeople.
52Sorrowiscommonforallpeopleafectedbytheloss
oflovedones.Terefore,therearespecificsomaticsymptoms(disordersofthe
immunesystem,andevenchangesinbloodclotting),whichlatertransforminto
aphaseofpsychologicalproblems,fromconstantworries(longingforthedeceased)
throughguilttohostilityreactionstodeathandotherpeople,whichdisasterdid
nottouch.Inthelastphasethereistheabandonmentofthepreviousbehaviorstyle
andfrequentsimilaritytothedeceased.Telatterhasthefunctionofexpiation,
butalsoidentitywithalovedonewhohaspassedaway.
53
Inturn,ColinMurrayParkesshowedthattheregretaferlosinglovedones
canbedeterminedalsoinstrictcaesons.Hisresearchonwidowsrevealedthat
theperiodofmourningisnotofenlongerthanthreeyears.Inthefirstyear
ofmourning,inwhichemotionsarestrongest,thesuferingpersonfliesbetween
asenseofrebellionandapathy;makeshislifedependentontheabsent,whichhe
perceivesassomeonestillexisting.Tereareofencasesofhallucinatoryvisions
orasenseofthepresenceofthedead.Inthesecondyearthereisgradualcalm
andincreasedreverieovertheend.Faithfulnesstothepersonhelongsforreveals
himselfbyfrequentmentioningorevenimposingontheenvironmentofmemory
abouther.Inthethirdyear,whenlonginganddespairdisappear,thereflection
onlonelinesschangesitsdirectionandbecomesvisibleintheplanningofanin-
dependentfuturethatincludesalastingmemoryofthedeceased.Itisthebridge
betweenthepastandtheacceptanceofwhatiscoming.Duringthisperiodthefear
ofpassingawayislost,andsorrowistransformedintoincreasedconcernforother
relatives.Ithappensthattheefectofdeepandlong-lastingmourningistheincrease
ofunderstandingfortheenvironmentandincreasingthedistancetophenomena
assignedtoworldliness(egmaterialgoods,successorprestige),whichoncehad
asignificantmeaning.
54
AlsoJ.WilliamWordenacknowledgedthatmourningisnot
astate,butaprocessthatrequiresadiferentefortinfightingconflictingemotions
fromextremedespairandrebelliontopassivityanddiscouragementofeverything
thatsurroundsamaninmisery.TatAmericanpsychologistsetoutfourtasks
tohelpthemournerinhisstrugglewiththesuferingcausedbysomeoneelse’s
death.Firstofall,inabattleforareturntofullpsychicstrength,suchamanmust
cometotermswithrealityandthelossofalovedone.Secondly,thepainofthe
periodofmourningshouldbedeprivedofexcessiveafectationandfocusedon
theefectsitcausesintheenvironment.Whatisimportanthereisthesupportand
careofpeoplewhoidentifywiththesorrowofthemourner.Tirdly,theperson
intheperiodofgriefmustadaptasquicklyaspossibletotheenvironmentinwhich
thedeceasedpersonisnolongerpresent.Andfinally,thefourthmanlefalone
infaceofdeath,withdrawsthepsychic(emotional)energyfocusedontheformer
52
Por.E.Lindemann,SymptomatologyandManagementofAcuteGrief,nAmericanJournalofPsychiatry”1944,
53
Nr101,pp.141-148.
Ibidem,p.147.
54
C.M.Parkes,TeFirstYearofBereavement,nBritishMedicalJournal”1964,Nr2,pp.274-279.
