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TeEndofExistenceinPsychologicalOutlookonFormsofDanger
29
isnoescape.Suchacassandrycharacterhasamourningthatmustappearinthe
lifeofeveryhumanbeingifheiscapableoffeelingsofcompassion,grief,loneli-
nessorconfusion.Mourningasareactiontodeathandtheexpressionofhelp-
lessnesstowardsherdescribesthescaleofsurvivingthelossofalovedoneinan
environmentthatsuferscertaingrief.Althoughmourninghasculturalreflections
rootedincustoms,therealdimensionofregretaferlosingisonlyrevealedinpsy-
chologyandpsychiatry.
47
ZygmuntFreudalreadyremarkedthatgoingthrough
aperiodofregretaferlosinglovedonesrequiresinternalefortandisnecessary
foreveryonetodealwiththephenomenonofpassingawayandtosomeextent
preparingthemselvesforitsinevitability.Accordingtothismourning,itisnot
adepressivereaction,butareflectionsaturatedwithsuferingoverexistenceand
itsontologicalpurposefulness.
48
Whiledepressionreferstothe“self”thatsomehow
fails,themourningconcernstheenvironmentofthat“I”undergoinganoticeable
change.Teprocessofmanifested,notlifedregretispainfulandmeansthewith-
drawalofemotionaltiesthatdepictbothfrightanddespondency.Teabolition
ofthebondtakesplaceinthewayofovercomingtheconflictbetweenloveand
attachmenttoalovedoneandhostilityandaggressiontowardsthefatethattook
itaway.Fightingthesecontradictoryreactionsisasourceoffeelingsofmourning
withtimeofvanishing.Aggressivereactionsarerootedinthesenseofguiltexisting
atthelevelofthesubconscious,whileloveisafullyconsciousfeeling.Removing
(understanding)theresponsibilityforlosinglovedonesabolishesrebellionand
sootheswretchedness.
49
InWesternpsychology,thepositionwasmaintainedthatviewsrelatedto
thereactionofmourningdependononehandonastronglongingfortheabsent,
ontheotherthestrengthofprotestfromtheverypassingaway,ontheotherfrom
thedisorganizationoffamilylifeanddespairrootedintheconvictionofdefinitive
separation,andfinallyrestsontheabilitytocreatenewbondsnolongerassoci-
atedwiththepresenceofadeadperson.
50JohnBowlbybelievedthatgriefafer
losinglovedonesisanecessaryforsurvivalattitudeofenduringadversitythrough
psychologicalburdens(worry,apathy,fatigue,longing)thatformthemodelofself
andtheoutsideworld.Tispattern,whichisaspecificdefensemechanism,sup-
portspeoplesuferingfromthefinalseparation.Itssecuritalstructureisanchored
inunderstandingandrecognizingtheextremeeventsweencounterinlife,and
whichdetermineindividualwaysofdealingwithdifculties.
51
Earlier,Erich
Lindemanpointedtothesimilarityofalmostallthereactionsofmourningthatcan
47
B.Hołyst,Nagranicyżyciaiśmierci,op.cit.,p.275.
48
S.Freud(1917),MourningandMelancholia,TeStandfordEditionoftheCompletePsychologicalWorks
ofSigmundFreud,VolumeXIV(1914-1916):OntheHistoryofthePsycho-AnalyticMovement,Paperson
MetapsychologyandOtherWorks,pp.237-258.
49
Vide:B.Hołyst,Nagranicyżyciaiśmierci,op.cit.,s.275.
50
TereviewoftheWesternideasonmourningispresentedin:ibidem,p.276-293.
51
Por.J.Bowlby,ProcessofMourning,nInternationalJournalofPsychoanalysis”1961,Nr42,p.317-340.
