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OlgierdLissowski
broadlyacceptablecoursesofactiontobedeveloped.(ł)TheclaimIdevelop
herearguesthatthesocialbondmustexistpriortoandinorderforanyeffective
participationtotakeplace.(ł)Thisapproachtoparticipationdoesnotpre-
cludeorganizationalorinstitutionalengagement,butitsprimaryfocusison
socio-politicalprocessesoperatingattheindividuallevel,ratherthanrepresen-
tationalformsofengagementoperatingvianetworksorpartnershipsofinstitu-
tions”.
Classificationsoftheinstitutionalformsofpartnershipcanbemadeby
meansofdifferentdetailedorganizationalcriteria,e.g.
public-publicpartnerships,public-privatepartnerships,public-socialpartner-
ships,public-private-socialpartnerships,
bilateral(contract)andmultilateral(network),
programmeandproject(basedoncontractualrelations)andmultilateral
(network),
exclusivelycontractualandinstitutional,connectedwiththeestablishmentof
anewpartnershipentity,
symmetricalandasymmetrical,
looseandformalized.
Differentinstitutionalformsofpartnershipcanalsobeidentifiedinthesec-
torsofpoliticsandpublicgovernance:economy,education,scienceandhigher
education,healthservice,developmentpolicy,publicprocurement,environmen-
talprotection,cultureandrecreation,etc.
Withreferencetothetheoryandgeneralparadigmsofpublicgovernments,
partnershipconceptsarebasedtoalargeextentontheinspirationof:
democratizationconceptofNewPublicGovernance,participatoryandnet-
workgovernance,theconceptofpoliticaldiscourseandconsensualpartner-
shipdemocracy;thistrendisinclusiveof,forexample,modelsoftheexpan-
sionofsocialdialoguebetweensocialpartners,partnershipandcivildialogue
withcivilsocietyorganizations,partnershipintherelationsbetweenEurope-
aninstitutionswithEUmemberstates(openmethodofcoordination,partner-
shipinthemanagementofsocialandinvestmentfunds);theyrelatetothe
mechanismsofthecreationofpoliticalwillandmakingpublicdecisions;
theyaimtoexpandthesocialbaseofgovernanceandadministrationthrough
thebetterrepresentationandcoordinationofsocialinterestsandstrengthen-
ingofthelegitimizationofpublicinstitutions;
theconceptofpro-effectivemanagerialmodernization(NewPublicMan-
agement)andotherrationalizationalconceptsofreformsoftraditionalad-
ministration(externalization,privatization,optimalstate,enablingstate,indi-
rectlycontrolled,responsive,reflexivelaw);thistrendisinclusiveof,forex-
ample,modelsofpublic-privatepartnership(PPP),public-socialpartnership
(PSP),andpublic-private-socialpartnership(PPSP)relatedtotheimplemen-
