Individual Fertility Choices in Poland

Monika Mynarska

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-7072-619-5

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego

Rok wydania:

2009

Liczba stron:

205

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Mynarska, Monika. Individual Fertility Choices in Poland. Red. . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2009, 205 s. ISBN 978-83-7072-619-5

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Mynarska, M.

T1 Individual Fertility Choices in Poland

PB Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego

PP Warszawa

YR 2009

SN 978-83-7072-619-5

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 2053, author = "Mynarska, Monika", editor = "", title = "Individual Fertility Choices in Poland", publisher = "Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego", year = "2009", address = "Warszawa", isbn = "978-83-7072-619-5" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Mynarska, Monika

ED -

TI - Individual Fertility Choices in Poland

PB - Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego

CY - Warszawa

PY - 2009

SN - 978-83-7072-619-5

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

Mynarska, Monika. Individual Fertility Choices in Poland [baza danych online] Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2009 [dostęp: 02 07 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/individual-fertility-choices-in-poland-monika-mynarska-2053.

rodzina, Polska, fertility, choice, Poland, rodzicielstwo, wybór, decyzja

Książka obejmuje zagadnienia związane z podejmowaniem decyzji o rodzicielstwie. W całości w jęz. angielskim.

What are the processes contributing to individual reproductive choices, which, at the macro level, are reflected in the substantia...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-7072-619-5

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego

Rok wydania:

2009

Liczba stron:

205

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Acknowledgements9
1.1. Background of the study and research aims11
Chapter 1: Introduction11
1.2. Outline of the book16
Chapter 2: The Polish Case19
2.1. Fertility patterns in Poland20
2.1.1. Fertility20
2.1.2. Nuptiality and childbearing23
2.1.3. A note on migration24
2.1.4. Summary25
2.2. Context I: The ever-changing economic and institutional landscape26
2.2.1. From a centrally planned to a free market economy26
2.2.2. Unemployment27
2.2.3. Material situation of Poles29
2.2.4. Importance of human capital: Education30
2.2.5. Women in the labour market31
2.2.6. Provision of childcare33
2.3. Context II: The cultural heritage34
2.3.1. The Catholic Church35
2.3.2. Strong family35
2.3.3. Attitudes towards marriage and gender roles36
2.3.4. Contraception and abortion37
2.4. Summary39
3.1. Theories of low fertility41
3.1.1. Demographic transitions and post-materialistic values theory41
Chapter 3: Theoretical Approaches to Fertility Decline41
3.1.2. Gender Equity Theory43
3.1.3. Globalisation and uncertainty theory44
3.1.4. Going micro: combining sub-narratives45
3.2. Individual behaviour: fertility choices50
3.2.1. Microeconomic approach50
3.2.2. Socio-psychological approach: Theory of Planned Behaviour53
3.2.3. Socio-psychological approach: Traits-Desires-Intentions-Behaviour56
3.3. Fertility choices in Poland: Individual perspectives58
3.3.1. The model of individual behaviour: basic assumptions and definitions60
3.3.2. Research questions62
4.1. Rationale for the methodology65
Chapter 4: Methodology of the Research: Qualitative Interviews65
4.2. Sample selection and characteristics66
4.3. Method72
4.3.1. Problem-centred interviews73
4.4. Qualitative data analysis78
4.4.1. Open coding79
4.4.2. Axial coding80
4.4.3. Selective coding82
4.5. A note on the presentation of the results83
5.1. Positive attitudes: Expected values of children85
Chapter 5: Motivation to Parenthood85
5.2. Beliefs about parenthood and childlessness88
5.2.1. Immediate benefits: A natural course of life events88
5.2.2. Delayed benefits: Fear of getting old90
5.2.3. Advantages of childlessness and competing goals92
5.3. Desire to have children, gender difference, and biology94
5.4. A child or children?100
5.5. Summary: How is the motivation to have a child formed?102
6.1. Actor-related behavioural control107
Chapter 6: Behavioural Control: Conditions for Parenthood107
6.1.1. Individual development108
6.1.2. Relationship development: Marriage109
6.1.3. Actor-related control: Summary113
6.2. Situation-related behavioural control: Economic and institutional aspects114
6.2.1. Education115
6.2.2. The housing situation in Poland116
6.2.3. Job and income118
6.2.4. Contradictions in narrations: Is money crucial, and when?120
6.2.5. Financial resources and the number of children122
6.2.6. Costs of children: Investing money123
6.2.7. Costs of children: Investing time127
6.2.8. Job insecurity129
6.2.9. (Un)Protected mothers130
6.2.10. Professional career or earning money?133
6.2.11. Childcare arrangements136
6.2.12. Childcare: What about men?139
6.2.13. Role of the state141
6.2.14. Situation-related control: A summary142
6.3. Summary: In what way does behavioural control influence fertility choices?145
7.1. Behavioural strategies (not) leading to pregnancy149
Chapter 7: Understanding a Couple’s Choice: Paths to Parenthood149
7.2. Understanding transitions to parenthood162
7.3. The process leading to fertility choices – a few general remarks169
7.4. Summary: Understanding a couple’s choice170
8.1. Summary of the findings173
Chapter 8: Concluding Discussion: Old Values, New Context173
8.2. Fertility choices: Anomie or adaptation?178
References185
Appendix I Information about the respondents209
Appendix II Interview guideline211

Chapter2:ThePolishCase

Theincreaseinextramaritalbirthsisonlytoaverylimitedextenttheresult

ofthedecliningimportanceofmarriage.Boleslawski(2001)showsithasmainly

beenaproductofdecliningmaritalfertility(atleastuntil2000).Marriagere-

mainsaquiteuniversallivingarrangementinPoland:amongwomenbornbe-

tween1965and1970,85%-88%havemarried.Andthesenumbersmaycontinue

toincrease,especiallyforthe1970cohort,asmarriage,likechildbearing,ispost-

ponedtolaterages(Kotowskaetal.2008).

AnotherindicatorofthestrengthofmarriageinPolandisthelowlevelof

extramaritalcohabitation.Thecensusof2002showedthatonly2.2%ofallcou-

pleslivingtogetherwerenotmarried.Youngpeopleperceivelivingtogether

whileunmarriedtobeatemporaryarrangementonly(Fihel2005,Slany2002).

Long-lastingcohabitationinPolandtendstobeachoiceforpeopleoverage40,

mostlyasasecondunionafteradivorceorwidowhood(Slany2002,Szukalski

2003).Ingeneral,youngPolishcouplesstilloverwhelminglychoosemarriageas

alivingarrangement,andwedlockisaprerequisiteforchildbearing.

TheimportanceofwedlockcanalsobeseeninPoland’slowdivorcerates.

EventhoughthetotaldivorceratehasbeenincreasinginPolandinrecentde-

cades(withatemporarydeclineintheyears1989-1993),itstillremainsrela-

tivelylow.Amongthecountriesconsidered,onlySpainhasfewerdivorces.In

thiscountry,however,legislationgoverningdivorcewasenactedonlyin1981,

andthedatadoesnotincludeseparations,whicharefarmorepopular(Delgado,

MeilandZamoraLopez2008).

2.1.3.Anoteonmigration

BeforewesummarisedemographictrendsrelatedtofertilityinPoland,we

shouldcommentbrieﬂyonmigrationpatterns.InPolandnetmigrationsrates

havealwaysbeennegative,andthenumbersofpeoplewhoemigratedforperma-

nentresidencewererelativelystablebetween1980and2005:20,000-30,000

peopleleftPolandeachyear.Therefore,thereisnoreasontoattributethedecline

infertilityratesafter1990toout-migration.

Potentiallymoreimportantforcurrentfertilitytrendsaretemporarymigra-

tions.AccordingtotheNationalCensus,in2002almost800,000Poleshadlived

abroadforatleasttwomonths(withabout80%ofthisgrouplivingabroadfor

longerthan12months).In1988,thenumberwasmuchlower(500,000).Since

May2004,whenPolandbecameamemberoftheEuropeanUnion,thenumberof

peopleleavingthecountrytemporarily(mostlyforwork)hasincreaseddramati-

cally.AccordingtoCentralStatisticalOfﬁceestimates,asmanyas1.45million

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