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Eachcountryhasitsown,definedbyexperienceandgeopoliticalcon-
ditionsthethreatthreshold,theexceedingofwhichconstitutesan
unambiguousbasistostatethatwearedealingwithastrategicthreat.
Untiltheendofthe20thcentury,armedconflictsthepatternofconflict
waspracticallyunchanged:agivencountryoralliedassociation,using
itsmilitarypotential,carriedoutdirectaggressionagainstanotherco-
untry.Determiningwhotheopponentwaswasrelativelyeasy.
DuringtheColdWar,theconsolidationoftwoopposingblocsresulted
inaclearandobviousdivision.Iftherewereaconflictthatwouldturn
intoregularmilitaryaction,itwouldbeastate-stateconflict.
Asaresultofthecollapseofthehithertodichotomousanduniformdivi-
sionofthespheresofinfluence,thisequilibriumwasdisturbedandpe-
culiarlydeformed.Thepredictabilityofthepartiestoapossibleconflict
wasnotsoobvious.Theprocessofpreciselyidentifyingthesubject
beingtheaggressorhasbeensignificantlyhampered,whichisespe-
ciallycharacteristicinacyberattack.
Therapiddevelopmentoftechnologymakesitdifficulttodevelopeffec-
tivesolutionsintermsofcounteractingsuchsituations,althoughofco-
ursethisisnotthestateofhelplessnessthatexistedevenadecade
ago.Theworldtodayfacesadualchallenge:todevelopaneffective
conceptandimplement
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