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23
RemigiuszSobański
Theinfluenceofthechurchexperienceinadjudicatingconflicts
ontheformsoftheciviltrialinEurope
Summary
AsearlyasintheAncientchurchthebishop)staskwastoadjudicateconflictsbetweenthe
congregation.ThesenseofresponsibilityforthecongregationandthelifestyleofaChristian
districtmakethebishopsexercisethejudiciaryofpeace.Itmusthavefunctionedprettywellas
Constantineacceptedtheefficiencyofadjudicationsonthecivilforumgivenbybishops(Ωepis-
copalisaudientian)in318.Aspecialattentionwaspaidtotheprocedures,buttherational
methodsofproofwereworkedoutonlyaftertheFourthLateranCouncil(1215).Theprocedures
weretoleadtoestablishthetruthwhereasthewaytoitwasseeninadispute.Acourttrialwas
basedonauniversitydispute:presenttheissue,formulatethethesis,proveitanddrawa
conclusion.Acourttrialisahypothesisdiscussedinthecourt.Thesubjectofdiscussion,
derivingfromtheplaintiff)scomplaintandareplyofthedefendant)sside,waspreciselydefined,
theproceedingtookplaceaccordingtothepreciselydefinedsteps,thejudgewasinchargeofthe
behaviouroftheargumentationrules.ThisRoman-Canonicalprocesswasgovernedbytheruleof
theformaltruth.Thecanonscouldnotdiscerntheproblemoftheunfairsentence.Thediscussion
overitmadeitpossibletoacceptinsomecasesthemeansagainstanunfairsentenceand
differentiatebetweentheearthlyandthespiritual.Thechurchcompetencywasrestrictedtothe
spiritualissuesexclusivelystartingfromthe14thcentury.
