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Francescaorestano
AccordingtoSterne,travellerscanbeclassifiedasidle,inquisitive,lying,
proud,vain,splenetic;indeed,Sterneistheinitiatorofakindoftravelbook
thatmovesawayfromSamuelJohnson’sdefinitionoftravelasflscience
connectedwithevents”(Batten46).Sterne’ssentimentaltravellerisrather
bentonhissubjectiveresponsetotheenvironment,sothatthetopographic
accountelicitshisresponse,asadepositoryofimagesthatstimulateat
onceimpressionsandmemories,andthuslendtothetextaqualitythatis
imaginative,psychological,visualandspectral,ratherthanrealistic.Features
thatmightbeseenandyetaremissing,tracesoflossesandemptyspaces
quickenthewriter’simaginationandfeedhisresponsetowhatappearsto
bethespiritoftheplace.Inaddition,anotherimportantelementthatwill
increasinglystimulatesubjectiveresponsetoplaceisgeneratedbythenew
emphasisonvisualperceptionandthevisualexperienceofthetraveller.
ReverendWilliamGilpin,whodefinedthenatureofpicturesquebeautyinhis
ObservationsontheRiverWye:andseveralpartsofSouthWales,&c.relative
chieflytopicturesquebeauty;madeinthesummeroftheyear1770(1782),
gavepracticalimplementationtotheaesthetictheoryhehaddevisedwith
hisDialogueontheGardensatStowe(1748);inGilpin’swake,RichardPayne
Knightwouldsuggestthatthecategoryofpicturesquenessdependedon
personalsensibilityandontheopticalnerveoftheviewer,thusmovingaway
fromGilpin’ssternformalismtoaestheticallyupgradetheromantic,moral,
subjectiveandidealistappreciationoflandscape(orestano2010;orestano
2012).Theemphasisonvisualperception,verballytranslatedintothegenreof
thesketch(Sha),wouldalsomouldandcharacterizeDickens’searlywritings,
fromhisSketchesbyBoz.IllustrativeofEverydayLifeandEvery-daypeople
(1836),toPickwickPapers(1837),inwhichMrPickwickisflthegreattraveller
whosefondnessforthebeautiesofnatureevenledhimtopenetrateto
theverybordersofWalesintheheightofsummer”(PickwickPapers,p.V).
AmericanNotes,ofwhichmorelater,isgreatlyindebtedtoVictorianmass-
visualculture,asDickensdeploysthemanytechniquesoftheobserverthat
makeretinalperceptionrelevantalthoughunreliable:akindofuselesstoolfor
thepenoftheinformedtraveller,butausefuldevicewhenthewriter’sdeepest
feelings,fearsanddesires,aretriggeredandbroughtintolight(Crary).
DescribingtheNewWorld:PracticalTravelogues
andPoliticalIssues
Aftertherevolution,whichmarkedAmericanindependence,andtheAnglo-
AmericanWarof1812-1814,exchangebetweentheUnitedStatesand
Englandbecamemoreandmorefrequent.Severaltravelbooksdidfollow