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JanuszBadio
event)aredirectlymentionedandthuspresentintheresultingconceptualization4
orbackgrounded.Forexample,intheexpression,Standup!It’scoming,meaning
thebusiscoming,thesceneminimallyinvolvessomespeaker,anotherperson
andsomebus,butonlytheeventofcomingiscoded.Subjectiveconstrualcanbe
alsoillustratedbyKateisgoingtosleep(saidbythegirlwhoisgoingtosleep),
whereasintheso-calledobjectivekindofconstrualthissituationwouldprobably
becodedbyIamgoingtosleep.Inthefirstexample,itisasifthespeakersteps
outofhis/herownbodyandlooksatthesceneinvolvinghimself/herself.Inthe
lasttypeofconstrual,thelevelofschematicity,Langacker(1987,1991)refers
totheideathatspeakersvariably,thoughnothaphazardly,choosetheamountof
detailtheywishtocodeinlanguage.
Theproposalsregardingthetheoryofconstrualrepresentedbytheremaining
threeworks,i.e.CroftandCruse(2004),Langacker(2008),andTalmy(2000and
earlier),willnotbecharacterizedhereindetailforlackofspace,butitcanbe
arguedthatthemainidearemainsthesame,withsomedetailsthatarediflerent.
Letuslookatthefollowingtable,whichsumsupthecategoriesfromthese
authors’publications:
Table1.Comparisonofcategoriesofconstrualoperations
Perspective
Abstraction
Langacker
Selection
(1987)
Prominence
Perspective
Langacker
Specificity
(2008)
(2000andearlier)
Forcedynamics
Schematization
Perspective
Attention
Talmy
Judgment/Comparison
Constitution/Gestalt
CroftandCruse
Forcedynamics
Perspective
Attention
(2004)
Source:Badio2014:34.
Therecurringthemeisattentionandprominence(otherwisereferredtoascognitive
salience).Inlinewiththisobservation,thepresentstudywillassumethat
attentionandachievingappropriatelevelsofcognitivesalienceistheoverarching
goalofallconstrualoperations.Asentitiesbecomesalientinconceptualization,
speakersfocusmoreattentiononthem,andtheyreceivemoreprocessingcapacity.
Moreover,theybecomemoreprominent,or/andeasiertoremember,whichinturn
positivelycorrelateswiththe(high)levelofsalienceofhumanmotivationand
goalsduringaction.
4Cf.Talmy(2007:264-294).
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