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Someexperimentaltechniquesinthestudyofhorizontalandverticalaspects...
nothing(p.113),wherethepolysemousprepositioncloseactivatesthedomain
of:time,durability,temperature,andamount,respectively.Withregardtotheidea
ofselection,onecanalsosaythatalanguageuserisallowedtochooseaword
orexpressionthatsuitshispurposesbest.Last,scopeofpredicationdescribes
thecontentionthattypicallyalinguisticexpressionactivatestheso-calledbase,
animmediatecontext,alsoreferredtoastheimmediatescopeofpredication,
understoodasaportionofknowledgeagainstwhichitsprofile,theattentionally
focusedentitybecomesclear.
Thesecondaspectofconstrual,perspective,isfurthersubdividedinto:figure/
groundorganizationofascene/event,viewpoint,andsubjectivity/objectivity.
Figure2istheentitythatalanguageuserassignsthegreatestattention3,andwhich
standsoutfromthebackgroundforvariousreasons.Englishcodesthisfactby
placingthefigureinthesubjectposition,ortheroleofthephrasalhead(i.e.the
mostprominent,independentandtopicalelement).Considerthefollowing
examples:Thecatischasingthemouse,theschoolofdancing,ordog’stail
(adaptedfromLangacker1991).Next,viewpoint,orpointofviewconcernsways
ofconceptualizationandlinguisticcodingofaneventorscene.Thefollowing
examplesillustratethislastproposal.
(1)DundeeisnorthofEdinburgh.
(2)Itiscoldhere.
(3)Thereisalampoverthetable.
(4)MaryisleftofJohn.
Examplesentence(1)locatesDundeerelativetothebetter-knowncityof
Edinburgh;if(2)wereatelephoneconversation,themeaningofherewouldrefer
tosomeregionaroundthespeaker.Sentence(3)describesacanonicalwayof
arrangingparticipantsofascene,i.e.lamprelativetothetable,ratherthanthe
otherwayround,butitisarguablynottheonlypossibleviewingarrangement.
Thecommunicativevalueofsentence(4)dependsonthelocationofthespeaker
(e.g.infrontof,orbehindMaryandJohn).Last,subjectivityvs.objectivity,as
anaspectofperspectivereferstothedegreeaspeaker(andotherparticipantsofan
2FigureandgroundweretermsdiscussedbyGestaltPsychologists(Wertheimer1923,Koflka
1935,Kohler1929)(cf.Badio2014,p.25).
3Mentalexperienceisidentifiedwithaflowofcognitiveevents.Consciousandunconscious
experiencehappensparallelyinvariousknowledgedomainsanddiflerentmodalities.Thisisakind
ofmixtureofperceptualsensations,emotions,autonomousprocesses,motorevents,orevenpain.
Smallerorgreaterattention“on”anentityisthuslinkedtoanappropriateenergylevelofsome
aspectsofthismix.
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