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JanuszBadio
theverticalaspectofconstrual.Thesenamesreflectthewayoftranscribingspeech
orwritingasasequenceoflinesoflanguagethatcodeastory,inwhichalinein
transcriptionisidentifiedwithoneevent,whereasasequenceoflinesrepresents
thewholestory,oritsparts.Transcribingdiscourseasasequenceofintonation
unitsfollowstheconventionsproposedbyDuBois(2003),Chafe(1994,1996,
1998,2003)orStelmaandCameron(2007).Toreiterate,thetermhorizontalrefers
toconstrualoptionswithinasingleevent,whereasthetermverticalpertainsto
construingeventsequencesthatconstitutethewholestory.
Thisarticlewillsurveythediflerentaspectsofconstrualdefinedaboveand
discussdiflerentindependentvariablesinfluencingchoicesofformwhenlanguage
userspresentastory.Theauthormakesnoclaimthatthereisaone-to-onerelation
betweenaparticularindependentvariableandalinguisticcodingofaneventor
eventsequences.Rather,languageusersgenerallyprovidecluestotheeflectthat
storyandeventcomponentsachievevariable(mostoftendesirable)levelsof
cognitivesalience.
ThetermandtheoryofconstrualasitisusedinCognitiveLinguisticswill
bediscussedinsectiontwo,followedbythepresentationofthemainunitsof
analysis,i.e.,eventandnarrativeinsectionthree.Theremainingtwosections,
fourandfive,willbedevotedtothepresentationaswellasthediscussionofsome
methodologicaloptions,mainlyexperimental,thatareavailableinthestudyof
eventsandnarratives.
2.Construal
Construalhasbeendiscussedbysuchcognitivelinguisticsas:Croftand
Cruse(2004),Langacker(1987,2008),orTalmy(2000).Langacker(1987)
definedconstrualastherelationbetweentheconceptualizerandtheobjectof
conceptualization,i.e.betweenalanguageuserandtheentitys/hewishesto
communicateabout.Theoperationsofconstrualhavebeensubdividedintothree
classes:selection,perspectiveandabstraction.
Selectionreferstoaknowledgescale,domain1andscopeofpredication.
Forexample,theprepositionneardesignatesdiflerentspatialextentsinnearthe
tableandneartheEarth.Theselectionofdomaincanbeillustratedbyphrases
suchasclosetoexpiry,closetobreaking,closetoabsolutezero,orcloseto
1“Acoherentareaofconceptualizationrelativetowhichsemanticstructurescanbecharacterized
(includinganykindofexperience,concept,orknowledgesystem”(Langacker1991,Volume2,
p.547).
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