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I.ContemporaryAmericanSocietyandPolitics
Tetheoryofsocialcapitalhasbeenwidelyappliedtosocialresearchnowadays.Itis
PierreBourdieu(1986),aFrenchphilosopherwhoisknownasthe“father”ofthemost
precisedefinitionoftheconcept(Portes1998).2Bourdieuhasmanyfollowers,among
whomRobertPutnam,anAmericansociologist,iswell-acknowledged,althoughhis
conceptofsocialcapitaldifersfromBourdieu,s.Bourdieuconcentratesontherelation
betweenactorswithinthesocialnetwork,whilePutnamfocusesonthemechanisms
thatuniteactorsintoanorganization.Tesemechanismsaredefinedas“featuresof
socialorganizationsuchasnetworks,norms,andsocialtrustthatfacilitatecoordination
andcooperationformutualbenefit”(Putnam1995,67).Putnamappliesthisnotion
toanalyzeAmericansocietyattheendofthe20thcentury.TekeyndinginBowling
Alone(2000)isthatAmericansareincreasinglydisconnectingfromoneanother,and
thatsocialstructuresaredisintegrating.Amongmanyexplanationsforthedisintegra-
tion3heplacesconnectionsintheworkplacewhich,inhisview,usedtobeoneofthe
strongestmeansofaccumulatingsocialcapitaldecadesago.Itcomesnaturallythatit
ishisideaofsocialcapitalthatshouldbeappliedtocheckwhetherconnectionsinthe
workplaceareoneofmanywaysofaccumulatingsocialcapitalbyPolishimmigrants
workinginanAmericanenvironment.
Socialcapitalintheworkplace
Workplacedefinitelyisanimportantsourceofsocialcapital,because:“[s]incemoreof
usareworkingoutsidethehometodaythanagenerationago,perhapswehavesimply
transferredmoreofourfriendships,moreofourcivicdiscussions,andmoreofour
communitytiesfromthefrontporchtothewatercooler”(Putnam2000,85).Tere
arethreewaysofaccumulatingsocialcapitalintheworkplace,namelybytradeunions,
byprofessionalassociations,andbyinformalsocialconnections.InthispaperIwill
concentrateonthelatter.
WhenPutnamstatesthatpeople,slivesrevolvearoundworknowadaysmorethan
everbefore,andthatithasresultedinashifofsociallifefromhometowork,healso
providesgoodexplanationsforhisstandpoint.Suchashifbeyonddoubtquietsfam-
ilyproblemsforagreatpartoftheday:“Itservesasasanctuaryfromthestressesof
marriage,childrenandhousework”(86);inthecaseofmanypeoplewholivealone
(single,divorced,nevermarriedormarriedlate),workandwork-relatedactivities
fulfilltheirday(eatinglunchesordinnerstogether,arrivingearlyandstayinglate,
2Tenotionofsocialcapitalhadsignaleditspresenceasearlyas1916;accordingtothedefinitionofsocial
capitalinSłownikSpołeczny,LydaJudsonHanifan(1916)rstappliedthisterm,meaning“realvalues
whichmatterineverydaylife”
.Tetermwasnotacceptedatthattime;itreappearedatthebeginningofthe
1960,sintheworksofJaneJacobsonurbanplanningandinthe1980,sintheworksofJamesS.Coleman
onthesocialroleofeducation.ItwasColemanwhopropagatedtheidea;PierreBourdieuandRobert
Putnamhavespreaditinthecontemporaryworld(Putnam2000,19).
3
Healsoelaboratesonpolitical,civic,religiousparticipation,informalsocialconnections,volunteer-
ing,philanthropy,smallgroups,socialmovements,andnotionssuchasaltruism,trust,honesty,and
reciprocity.