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3.Positionofephemerophytes
intheclassificationofsynanthropicplants
Firstclassificationsofplantsfromthepointofviewofhumanactivitiesbe-
gantoappearatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Theauthors,whenworking
themout,assumedsuchcriteriaofspeciesdivisionasorigin,naturalisationsta-
tus,timeofarrival,introductionintentionality,humancultivation,wayofdis-
semination,thedistancemade,typesofhabitats.Thedifferencesconcernthe
numberoftheconsideredcriteria,orderoftheiruseandthenamesofthedis-
tinguishedgroupsofspecies.Ephemerophytes,astheplantstemporarilyintro-
ducedandnotpermanentlyestablished,weretakenintoconsiderationasearly
asinthefirstclassificationsofthistype.
TheauthorofthefirstofthemwasRIKLI(1903),whodistinguishedthefol-
lowingfivegroupsofspeciesamongtheplantsofalienorigin,andcalledthem
anthropochores:archaeophytes,colonophytes(currentlyepoecophytes),neo-
phytes(nowagriophytes),escapersfromcultivation(ergasiophygophytes)and
ephemera(nowephemerophytes).
Pioneeringresearchdevotedto“adventitious”plantspecieswascarriedout
atthebeginningof20thcenturybyNAEGELIandTHELLUNGinsurroundingsof
thecityofZürich.Observingofthefloraofthisareaandespeciallyfindingit
possibleforsomeintroducedspeciestosurviveforanumberofyears,ledthe
authorstoattempttospecifyterminologyandtosubdivideplantsofalienorigin
intogroupsbytakingtheirresponsetohumanactivitiesintoconsideration.
Theypaidspecialattentiontothewaysinwhichthespecieswereintroduced
(intentionallyorunintentionally).Plantswhichwerenotpermanentlyestab-
lishedandwhichcameintoagivenareawithoutconscioushumanparticipa-
tion,werecalledephemerophytes(NAEGELLI,THELLUNG1905).Dependingon
thetypeofplantcommunitieswherethespecieswerefound,thegroupwasdi-
videdintoruderalandsegetalephemerophytes.Infurtherpapers(THELLUNG
1915,1918/1919;SCHEUERMANN1948),moredetaileddivisionsofephemero-
phytescanbefoundconcerningtheparticulargoodswithwhichtheirdiasporas
werebrought(speciesbroughtwithforeigncereals,seedsofoilplants,wool,
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