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cotton,orballastmaterialsofships)andwithinrespecttothetypeoftransport
bywhichtheycame(maritimeandinlandnavigation,railwaytraffic,migration
ofnationalgroups,waroperations,etc.).Separatepapershavebeendevotedto
theadventitiousspecieswhichwerebroughtwithparticularkindsofgoods,e.g.
withwool(PROBST1949;PYŠEK2005).Therealsoexistmonographpaperscon-
taininglistsofthespeciesbroughttothegivenareaalongwiththegiven
goods.TheyareaboveallthepapersbyGermanbotanistsfromtheregionof
Silesia(MEYER1931,1932,1937;SCHALOW1931,1932,1933,1936)and
Pomerania(HELM1881;HOLZFUSS1936,1937,1941;KLINGGRAEFF1854;
PREUSS1910,1928;SCHEUERMANN1956).Theyoftengavenotonlytheareaof
appearancebutalsothetypeofhabitatandthewayofintroducingthem.
Individualclassificationsofsynanthropicspecieshavebeenproposedby
SIMMONS(1910),DOMIN(1947)andJALAS(1955),whoexplicitlyseparatedthe
speciesintroducedintentionally(ergasiophytes,ergasiophygophytes,ergasioly-
pophytes)fromthosearrivingspontaneously(ephemerophytes,archaeophytes,
epoecophytes,neophytes).KREH’Spaper(1957)proposesthedivisionof
ephemerophytesintothosewhichwererecordedonceonlyandthosewhich
haveapppearedfromtimetotimeandthendisappeared.Thedetailedclassifica-
tionofsynanthropicplantshasalsobeenpresentedbyHOLUBandJIRASEK
(1967).Intentionalityofintroductionwasalsointhiscasethemaincriterionof
divisionofanthropophytes.Theyweredividedintohemerophytes(introduced
intentionally)andxenophytes(introducedunintentionally),wherebyephemero-
phyteshavebeenincludedintothelattergroup.Inthesomecontemporarypub-
licationsephemerophytesareoftenassociatedwiththespeciesbeingescapers
fromcultivationastheso-calledcasualalienplants,andthecriterionofintro-
ductionintentionalitywasnotconsideredthere,atall(PYŠEKetal.2004;
RICHARDSONetal.2000).
Polishbotanistshavealsoundertakentheclassificationofsynanthropic
plantsbasedontheirorigin,timeofarrivalandthedegreeofestablishment.
SZULCZEWSKI(1931)dividedthealienspeciesinasimpleway.Hedistinguished
twogroupsofspecies:przybysze–(plantsresistanttoweatherconditionswhich
canbecomepermanentlyestablished)andprzybłędy(whicharesensitivetocli-
maticconditionsandcansurvivefortwoyearsatmost)whichcanbeidentified
asephemerophytes.ThepaperbyKRAWIECOWA(1951)devotedtosynanthropic
floraofthecityofPoznańconstitutesadetailedworkcoveringgeograph-
ical-historicalanalysisofparticularspecies.Theauthorpresentsnotonly
anumberoftermsanddefinitionsregardingsynanthropicplants,but,forthe
firsttimeinPoland,shecarriedoutthedivisionofsynanthropicplantsbased
onTHELLUNG’Sclassification(1915)whichwaslatermodifiedbyKORNAŚ(1968,
1977)andTRZCIŃSKA-TACIK(1979).Adifferentapproachwasproposedby
KRAWIECOWAandROSTAŃSKI(1972,1976)whodividedanthropophytesinto
archaeophytesandkenophytes,inwhichthelatterweresubdividedinto
agrestophytes(unintentionallyintroduced)andergasiophytes(intentionallyin-
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troduced).Eachofthesegroupswassub-dividedintotwogroupsdependingon