Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
ThestereotypesofmanandwomaninPoland…
13
semblanceoftheexamples.Suchaschemahasnoclearprototypeor
categoryboundaries(Kurcz,1995).
Althoughgenderstereotypescanbeascribedallthesametraitsas
stereotypesingeneral,i.e.socialorigin,burdenwithnegativeorpositive
emotionsandjudgements,resistancetochange(Polkowskaetal.,1992),
beingsharedbythesociety,subjectivecertaintyastothecorrectnessof
therepresentationcontent,overgeneralization—aconvictionthatex-
amplesincludedinastereotypeareidentical(ŁukaszewskiandWeigl,
2000,2001;DeauxandLewis,1984),theyalsopossesstheirownspe-
cificcharacteristics.Whilestereotypesaresimplifiedinformationabout
agroupwhichtheyareconcernedwith,genderstereotypespossessa
richcontentandarerelativelycomplexintheirstructure(Kwiatkowska,
1999),aswellasbeingculturallyuniversalwithregardtotraits(Wiliams
andBest,1982).
Atfirstscientistsdoingresearchwithinthescopeofgenderstereo-
typesconcentratedondescribingtheircontent.Thestudiesconductedby
Broverman,Kogel,Broverman,ClarksonandRosenkrantz(1972)led
toidentifying“clusters”oftraits,attributedtowomenandmen.Current-
ly,scientistsareinterestedinsearchingforvariousaspectsofstereotypes,
theirmutualrelations,changesinjudgementsbasedonstereotypes,in-
fluencedbynewandsometimescontradictoryinformationandprocesses,
throughwhichthesechangestakeplace.DeauxandLewis(1984)present
amulti-factorconstructionofagenderstereotype,includingcomponents
oftraits,socialroles,professionsandphysicalappearance.Genderchar-
acteristicsareunderstoodassetsofmentaltraitsandbehaviourproper-
tiesascribedinagivenculture.Roles,ontheotherhand,aresociallyand
culturallydefinedexpectations,addressedtobothgendersandexpected
tobehaveinspecificsocialsituations.
Thus,thefemaletraitstereotypeincludes:emotionality,abilityto
makesacrifices,gentleness,sensitivity,caringforothers’feelings,theabil-
itytounderstandothers,warmthinrelationswithothersandhelping.
Stereotypicalmaletraitsare:independence,beingactive,competence,de-
cisivenessreliability,self-confidence,notyieldingtopressureandasense
ofleadership.Stereotypicalfemalerolesare:givingemotionalsupportto
others,managingthehousehold,takingcareofthechildrenandrespon-
sibilityforarrangingthehousehold.Stereotypicalmalerolesare:being
theheadofthehousehold,providingfinanciallyforthefamily,leadership
andresponsibilityforhouseholdrepairs.Thestereotypicalfemaleappear-
anceconsistsofagentlevoice,tidiness,graceandsoftnessofmovement,
whereasthestereotypicalmaleappearanceincludessuchtraitsastall,
strong,vigorousandbroad-shouldered.Stereotypicalfemaleprofessions
are:therapist,telephoneoperator,speech-therapistandprimaryschool
