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Effortstocreatetrustthroughsocialrelations
Theworldexperiencedtwomajoreconomiccrisesinthe1970sandwhen
theywereover,theeconomicparadigmthathaddominatedintheworldsince
theSecondWorldWarhadbecomeunsustainable.Transformationsinmonitary
policies,internationalregulatorybodies,andthewaythestateintervenedinthe
economy,werealsoseeninproductionprocesses.TheFordistapproachwhich,
particularlyintheUSA,hadperfectedtheend-to-endproductionofsinglefin-
ishedgoodsinenormousfactoriesduringthe1970s,gavewaytoproduction
carriedoutinnumeroussmallfacilities,alsoknownaspost-Fordism
*.Aspost-
Fordismspread,itnaturallybroughtwithititsownparticularmanagementprin-
ciples.Whileundertheoldsystemproductionunderoneroofrequiredtightsu-
pervisionandmanyrulesinordertobemanaged,thiswashardlypossibleinthe
newsystem.Underpost-Fordismitwascrucialthatthefinished-goodproducing
(ormarketing)firmestablishrelationsoftrustwithotherentrepreneurssupply-
ingintermediarygoodsneededforfinalproduction.Itwastheonlywaythese
businessmencouldbesurethatthecomponentsofproductionoutsidetheircon-
trolwouldbecompletedsatisfactorily.
ThetwofactorsnotedabovepromptedTurkishentrepreneurstospend
agoodshareoftheirworkinghourscultivatingsocialrelationshipswithother
entrepreneurswithoutimmediateeconomicinterestsinvolved.Smallentrepre-
neurs,whosincethe1950shadbeenstrugglingtoorganizethemselvesinto
strongercoalitionsvis-à-vistheirlargercounterparts,spentagreatdealofen-
ergyonthisinthenewperiod,andsucceededtoagreatextent.
ItcanbearguedthatonesegmentofTurkishentrepreneurs,consciouslyor
unconsciously,followedtheJapanesemodelintheireffortstoformreliablerela-
tionswithotherentrepreneursathomeandabroad.Bythismodel,itiscommon
valuesystemsthatmakeeffectiverelationsbetweenfirmspossible.Andthe
emergenceofacommonvaluesystemwas,ofcourse,onlypossiblewhenthe
relevantsocialactorscametogethermoreoftentospendtimetogether.For
highlycomplexproductionarrangementstobedependablyorganized,thebest
methodwastobasethisonsuccessfulhumanrelationships
**.Researchhas
shownthatevenelectronicnetworksusingthelatesttechnologycannotcompete
withpersonalrelationswhencoordinatingamongthousandsoffirmsatdifferent
locations[Kraut,Steinfieldetal.,1999,p.723].
ItisclearthatTurkishentrepreneursofthe1980swereawareofthesereali-
ties.Inaseminarforexample,İlhamiFlndlkçl,PresidentoftheYoungBusi-
nessmen’sAssociationofTurkey(TÜGİAD),statedthat“theneedforentrepre-
*
ForamasterfuldescriptionofthistransformationseePiore[1984].
**ForadetailedstudyonJapanexperienceseeSmithka[1991]andHaegen&Choe[1998,pp.589-600].
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