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Costs,organizationandmanagementofhospitals
publichospitals.Asinallcountrieshavingaprospectivepaymentsystem,case-mix
putstogetherpatientswithcomparablelevelsofresourceuse.Patientsareallocated
toagroupbasedondiagnosis,procedures,ageandgenderwithnoconsiderationof
theirsocialand/orphysicaldisabilities.3
InEngland,theprospectivepaymentsystemhasbeenrolledouttocoverallhos-
pitalandcommunityservicesfromApril2008.4Theobjectiveofthisprogramisto
improvefundingtransparencyandhospitalefficiency.
ComparedtotheUnitedStates,itisanewchallenge.Sincetheintroductionof
theDRGsystemforUSAMedicarepatientsin1983,casepaymentmechanismshave
graduallybecometheprincipalmeansofreimbursinghospitalsinmostdeveloped
countries,especiallyinEurope.Theuseofcasepaymentsneverthelessposessevere
technicalandpolicychallenges.Manyunsolvedissuesremainintheirimplementa-
tion.5ThesocialdimensionassociatedwithfundingDRGisfarfrombeingconsid-
eredinthosecountries.Forexample,inEngland,Carpenteretal.,6haveshownthat
inarestrictivefieldlikephysicaldisability,65%ofthepatientshadagrowinglevel
ofphysicaldisability.Thatresultsinafour-daylongerhospitalstaythanpredicted
bythehealthcareresourcegroup(HRG:UK-DRG).Thisextracostisnotprovided
forintheHRGtariffs.Inthemeantime,socioeconomicdeprivationisagrowing
phenomenon.7,8,9Suchdeprivationisoneelementofamultidimensionalsocialdis-
ability,linkedtosevensupposedlydistinctbutinterrelatedareas:health,resources,
culturalintegration,workingconditions,relationswithothers,housing,assets.These
areasconstituteaworkingdefinitionofsocialdisability,ofwhichsocioeconomic
deprivationresultingfromlowincomeistheultimatestage.10,11A1998studyinthe
Frenchcontextshowedthat"lowincome”patientsspentonaverage2.52moredays
inhospitalthanthepopulationasawhole.Theirstayscost33%morethanfor"non-
disadvantaged”patients.12
3Ibidem.
4I.Carpenter,J.Bobby,E.Kulinskaya,G.Seymour(2007),Peopleadmittedtohospitalwith
physicaldisabilityhaveincreasedlengthofstay:implicationsfordiagnosisrelatedgroupre-im-
bursementinEngland,Age.Ageing.36,p.73–78.
5R.Busse,J.Schreyogg,P.C.Smith(2006),HospitalcasepaymentsystemsinEurope,Health
CareManag.Sci.9,p.211–213.
6I.Carpenter,J.Bobby,E.Kulinskaya,G.Seymour(2007),Peopleadmittedtohospitalwith
physicaldisabilityhaveincreasedlengthofstay:implicationsfordiagnosisrelatedgroupre-im-
bursementinEngland,Age.Ageing.36,p.73–78.
7R.Carr-Hill,P.Chalmers-Dixon(2005),Thepublichealthobservatoryhandbookofhealth
inequalitiesmeasurement,SouthEastEnglandPublicHealthObservatory(SEPHO),Oxford.
8J.P.Mackenbach(2006),HealthInequalities:EuropeinProfile,Anindependent,expertreport
commissionedbytheUK.PresidencyoftheEU.
9J.P.Ruger(2006),Ethicsandgovernanceofglobalhealthinequalities,J.Epidemiol.Com-
munityHealth60,p.998–1002.
10J.L.Borkowski,L.Kasparian(1991),Construiredesindicateursd’inégalitésEnquête
«Étudedesconditionsdevie»1986–1987,DocumentdetravailF9106.INSEE,Paris.
11A.Villeneuve(1991),LamesuredesinégalitéssoussonaspectmultidimensionnelEnquête
«Étudedesconditionsdevie»1986–1987,DocumentdetravailF9105.INSEE,Paris.
12C.Mathy,M.Bensadon(2002),Lesurcoûtdel’hospitalisationdespatientsprécaires,JEM.
20,p.263–278.