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Introduction
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Chapter8describeselevenMinisterialConferences.Itisdivided
intothreesubchapterspresentingMinisterialConferencesfromthe
firstoneinSingaporeaftertheWTO’sestablishmentuntil2000,thenin
thefirstdecadeofthe21
st
century,andfrom2011totheeleventhone
inBuenosAriesin2018.Inthischapter,theproposalsforthetwelfth
MinisterialConferenceinAstanain2021arealsopresented.
Chapter9discussestheidea,mechanism,andimportanceofthe
TradeFacilitationAgreement.TheWTOdecidedtocreatetheTrade
FacilitationAgreementFacilityatthedemandofdevelopingcountries
andLDCstoassurethattheyreceivethesupporttheyneedtoreapthe
multilateraltradingsystem’sfullbenefits.Thechapterpresentsabrief
overviewoftradefacilitationandthehistoryoftheTFA.Thechapter
alsoexplainstheprocessofitsimplementationandthetypesofdo-
nors.Finally,itshowsstatisticsanalysingtopandbottommeasures
withthehighestandlowestimplementationrate.
Chapter10isfocusedontheAidforTradeinitiative.Itpresents
theoriginsofAfTandthemechanismbehindtheidea,andevaluates
itsmonitoringframework.Inthelastpartofthischaptertheglobal
flowsofAfTarediscussed.TheinitiativewaslaunchedattheMinis-
terialConferenceinHongKongin2005tohelpdevelopingcountries
buildsupply-sidecapacityandtrade-relatedinfrastructuretoexpand
theirtrade.
Chapter11focusesoncurrentissuesafectingtheWTO.Inthe
firstpart,theauthorsanalysedthedeterminantsoftheWTO’simper-
fection.Thesectionlooksatthecausesofthechallengesfacedby
theWTO,andwhetherthesearetheresultofaflawinthesystemor
anexternalsource.ThesecondpartistheanalysisoftheCOVID-19
issuesafectingtheglobaleconomyandtheWTO’sfunctioning.
Toaddresstheformulatedpostulates,theauthorsoptedformulti-
pleresearchmethods,startingwithacriticalliteraturereviewanddis-
cussion,followedbydescriptiveandstatisticalanalysesoftheWTO’s
featuresandendingwithobservation.Theauthorscollecteddatafrom