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ThenewfaceoftheWorldTradeOrganization
Chapter4presentsthecharacteristicsoftheWTO.Here,theWTO
asaninstitution,itsorganizationalstructure,decision-making,andfi-
nancialaspectsofitsfunctioningareexplainedandstudied.TheWTO
cameintoefectonthe1
st
ofJanuary1995andisoneoftheyoungest
globalorganizations.Inthischapter,theWTO’saccessionprocedure
isalsodescribedandassessed.Thediscussionidentifiessomedis-
crepanciesbetweenthedeclarationsaboutseekingtoachieveuniver-
salmembershipandtheorganization’slengthyapplicationprocedure.
Chapter5discussestheWTO’sprinciplesembodiedintheor-
ganization’sbasicrulesandthepillarsofthemultilateraltradingsys-
tem.Itaddressestheprincipleofnon-discriminationandreciprocity,
transparency,accountability,andflexibility.Italsosignalsfourmain
exceptionstomarketrules.
Chapter6dealswithWTOenforcementanddisputesettlement
asthecentralpillarofthemultilateraltradingsystem.Itdescribesthe
DisputeSettlementBodyandthestandingAppellateBody.Itpresents
ashortevolutionofthedisputesystemanddefinestheroleofthe
Hnegativeconsensus”regardingtheefciencyoftheprocedures.The
chapteranalysesdisputesettlements,indicatingimportantcomplain-
ants,respondents,thirdparties,andagreementsinvokedindisputes.
Thechapteralsoprovidesthewholeprocedureconcerningdispute
settlementandaddressessomeupdatedissuesintheABfunctioning’s
potentialparalysis.
Chapter7analysestheWTO’scoreactivityasaforumformultilat-
eraltradenegotiations,theso-calledrounds.Itprovidesthehistoryof
negotiationsandthemechanismofliberalizationusedduringrounds
anddescribestherounds’evolution,expansioninthenumberofpar-
ticipants,andtheirscopeandduration.Moreattentionisdevotedto
theUruguayRoundandtheDohaRoundasthemostsignificantin
everyaspect:scopeofnegotiations,numberofparticipatingcountries,
theirduration,andtheirimpactoninternationaleconomicrelations.