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Chapter1
Tisisparticularlyimportantforeconomicvalue.Itcanbeagoalinitself(ac-
cumulationofwealth),butitcanbealsoofinstrumentalcharacter(possessing
moneytosupportthearts).Tisdefinitionalsopointsoutthatthevalues,includ-
ingeconomicvalues,havebeenshapedinspecificsocio-economicconditions.
InthecaseofouranalysisofthefourVisegradcountriesitisimportanttobe
awareofthedińerenthistoricalexperiencebefore1945,aswellasthecommon
heritageofrealsocialism.Animportantroleinanalyzingthesystemofvaluesis
thetheoryformulatedbyRonaldInglehart(InglehaRt,1977,InglehaRtetal.
(Eds.),2004).InglehartstartedfromanddevelopedAbrahamMaslow’stheory
ofneeds.Accordingtothistheory,humanneedsarehierarchical.Temostim-
portantonesarethephysiologicalneeds,especiallyinconditionsoflimitedpos-
sibilities.Nextistheneedforphysicalsecurity,whichisalmostasimportantas
thepreviousone.Onlyafersatisfyingthesebasicneeds,willanindividualstrive
forthefulfillmentofother,intangibleneeds.Accordingtothetheorydeveloped
byR.Inglehart,theconclusionisasfollows:withprogressiveeconomicprosper-
itycomesatransitionfrommaterialisticvalues(ensuringsafetyandsurvival)to
post-materialistvalues(emphasizingtheneedforself-expressionandqualityof
life).Tisconceptshowshowthevaluesystemineachcountryischanging,what
placeisoccupiedbyeconomicvaluesandwhatthedińerencesbetweencountries
are(Swadźba,2013,Swadźba,2014).
Understandingthevaluesystemisveryimportantbecauseitdetermineslife
aspirations.Sociologiststreataspirationsasdeterminedbythegoalsandhier-
archiesofvalues,anindividualtendsstriveforsociallyapprovedgoals,which
inturnallowsasubjectivesenseofachievementandpositivechangewithinthe
acceptedrangeofvaluesthatappearwithinandshapethecourseofsociallife
(Lalak,Pilch,1999:24).Aspirationsdependonself-recognition,self-esteem
andself-determinationofagivenindividual,butalsoontheirsocialsituation.
Ifanindividualaccuratelydeterminestheirsocialrole,theywillalsobeableto
definetheiraspirations.Itisworthnotingthataspirationsarelong-termpursuits
andgoalstheindividualseekstoachieve,e.g.startingafamily,acquiringaspe-
cificpositionorprofession.Aspirationsarethereforepursuitsofanindividual,
motivatedbyapossibilityoftheirrealization.Sociologistsfocusonobjectsof
aspirations.Economicaspirationsmayańectfuturematerialconditionsofliving
determinedspecificallybywages,standardofliving,accumulatedgoods,pur-
chasingahouseoranapartment,thebrandofacar(Zawada,2013).Fulfillment
ofmaterialaspirationsismostofenassociatedwithgettingaproperlypaidem-
ploymentandgainingfinancialindependencefromparents.Self-confidencein
thisareaislinkedwithprofessionalaspirations.Implementationofone’splans,
hardworkandsettingnewchallengesforoneselfarefactorsdetermininglife
successandthefulfillmentofaspirations.
