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6
INTRODUCTION
andofferingsolutionsefficientfromageneralpublicpointofview.Polandfacesthenecessityof
makingchangesinthisrespect.Thisproblemistakenupintwolaterarticles(byLidiaMierzejewska
andJerzyJ.Parysek).
ThebasisforGerhardBraun’sreflectionsinhisarticle“‘TheWorldwithoutus’.Lessonsbe-
hind?”isthescenarioofTheworldwithoutusbyA.Weismanconcerningchangesinthesystemof
man’slivingenvironment.Reflectiononthismatterisimportantbecauseweliveinthetimesoffi-
nancialcrashes,ecologicalcatastrophes,andincreasingsocialfragmentation.Itleadstotheconclu-
sionthattheworldsystemcreatedbymanisveryfragile,hasonlylimitednatural,financialand
organisationalresourcesatitsdisposal,undergoescyclicchangesinspaceandtime,andneedscon-
stantfuelling,steering,maintenanceorreconstructioninordertoadjustittothechangingcondi-
tions,humanneeds,andvaluesheld.Whatismore,thesystemsproducedareneitherflexible
enoughnorself-adjustable.Thisleadstosituationsinwhichfunctionsdonotmatchformsandvice
versa.Allthisleadstotheconclusionthatmoreflexiblethinkingandtherealisationofsuchthinking
wouldhelptobalancesustainabledevelopment.Inpracticalterms,thismeansorientingallourdeci-
sionstowardsanopen-systemapproach.Oureffortshouldbetomakecitiesliveable,whichwill
occurintheconditionsofflexibility,diversity,freedom,exchange,andmobility.Weshouldalso
keepinmindthateverysystemregardedasawholeitselfworksasanetworkofinteractingpartial
systems.
Inherarticle“UrbanplanninginPolandinthecontextofEuropeanstandards”,LidiaMierze-
jewskapresentstheopinionthataconsequenceofPoland’sinclusionintotheEuropeanUnionstruc-
turesshouldbeadjustingPolishlegislationtotheEUrequirements,alsointhefieldofbroadlyun-
derstoodplanningofsocio-economicandspatialdevelopment.Sheliststhebasicassumptionsof
urbandevelopmentplanningthatfollowfromthedocumentsadoptedbytheEuropeanUnion,es-
peciallytheLeipzigCharter.Shealsoclaimsthatthistypeofplanningshouldaccommodatethose
developmenttendenciesandmodelsthatareputforwardbybodiesofscholarsandplannersasre-
flected,forinstance,intheNewCharterofAthens(onthebasisofwhichtheLeipzigCharterhas
beendrawnup).
Inthearticle“UrbandevelopmentinPolandafter2003:Legalregulationsandreality”,JerzyJ.
Parysekmakesanassessmentofthepracticalapplicationofthebasicdocumentregulatingphysical
planninginPoland,viz.thePhysicalPlanningandSpatialDevelopmentActof2003currentlyin
force.Heemphasisesthatasatoolfortheimplementationofsociallyefficientspatialpolicy,theAct
hasprovedtobeafailure,anditsdefectiveprovisionsandtheirparticularisticinterpretationshave
primarilyproducedirrationalspatialmanagementwhichhaslittleincommonwithsustainablede-
velopmentorspatialorder,thetwoprinciplesstipulatedinthisdocument.Owingtoitsunlucky
provisionsandtheirdiscretionaryinterpretation,thebeneficiariesofspatialdevelopmentarenot
localcommunities,butpropertyowners,housingdevelopers,producersofbuildingmaterials,de-
signconsortia,andtheauthoritiesofsomecommunes.Thearticlecomplementsthereflectionspre-
sentedbyL.Mierzejewska.
In2000CopenhagenandMalmöwerejoinedbyan18-kilometreoverpass.Inthiswaythetem-
poraldistanceseparatingthesetwocitiesandcountries(DenmarkandSweden)hasshrunksubstan-
tially.Inhisarticle“TheÖresundbridge:Planningforacross-bordermetropolisofCopenhagen
(Denmark)andMalmö-Lund(Sweden)”,ChristianWichmannMatthiessenputsforwardthehy-
pothesisthatatransnational,integratedandfunctionalurbanregionisbeingcreated.Herestsiton
ananalysisoftheeverintensifyingflowsofpersonsandvehicles(alsomigrations)thattheeventhas
generated.Hepaysspecialattentiontotheroleofplanningincreatingthiskindofregion.
Intheirarticle“Conservationanddevelopmentprocessesinmulti-culturalhistorictowns.Test
cases:StoneTownandJaffa”,IzhakSchnell,MichalEgozandBoazBarzilayreconstructandassess
theimplementationoftheprojectsofconservationanddevelopmentofmulti-culturalhistoric
towns:StoneTowninZanzibarandJaffainIsrael.Theystresstheimportanceofthistypeofaction,
whichisachallengeforplannersandmonumentrestorerstoconservewhatistheheritageofmate-
