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reportedthatbrachiopodassociationsbelongedtotheGzhelian.Alsotrilobites
indicatedasimilarage(Osmólska1968).Onexaminationofforaminifers(Liszka
1964)andcoralsfromTreskelen(Fedorowski1964,1965,1982a),theageofthe
upperpartofthisunitwasestablishedasEarlyPermian-Asselian/Sakmarian.
OnthebasisofananalysisofthefaunaoftheC-A-URealm(Fedorowskietal.
1999,FedorowskiandBamber2001,Fedorowskietal.2007),thispartofthe
formationwasdatedmorepreciselytotheEarlySakmarian.
2.1.3.TempelfjordenGroup
TheTempelfjordenGroup(Fig.3)isarecordofshallow-seasedimentation
takingplacefromtheLateArtinskiantotheWuchiapingian.OnSpitsbergen
itisdeflnedbytwoformations:KappStarostin(CutbillandChallinor1965)
andTokrossøya(Siedlecki1964),overlyingtheGipsdalenGroupwithacon-
siderablestratigraphicgap(CutbillandChallinor1965,Harland1997).North
ofSørkappLand(Figs2B,3),itisonlyrepresentedbytheKappStarostin
Formation.
KappStarostinFormation,wasdeflnedbyCutbillandChallinor
(1965)andisanexactequivalentoftheBrachiopodChertsofGeeetal.(1953).
ItisthemainunitoftheTempelfjordenGroup.Itisexposedmostcomplete-
lyinthecentralpartoftheisland(thenortherncoastofIsfjordendownto
NordaustlandetandinthevicinityofTempelfjorden).Alongthewesterncoast
itrunsinanarrowbeltofoutcropsextendingtotheHornsunddepression.It
wasalsofoundinsmallexposuresonBarentsandEdgeIslands(Harland1997),
soitsrangeroughlycoincideswiththePermian-CarboniferousonSpitsbergen
(Fig.2).AtypicalstratigraphicsectioncanbefoundinNordenskiöldLand(Fig.
2C),onKappStarostin,wheretheformationattains380metresinthickness.
Some50kmnorth,inSt.JonsfjordeninOscarIILand,itsthicknessincreasesto
460m(Dallmann1999).TowardsthesouththeFormationgetsthinner,slightly
exceeding4mintheHornsundregion.Thesequenceofrocksshowanonlap
sequence(transgressive),andthelithologicalboundariesarediachronicuntil
thereappearopen-seafacieswithcherts.Theboundaries,bothlowerandup-
per,areemphasisedbydistinctunconformitiesandstratigraphicgaps(Fig.3).
TheKappStarostinFormationshowsavarietyoflithofacies(Cutbilland
Challinor1965,BiernatandBirkenmajer1981,Nakamuraetal.1987,Stemmerik
1988,Harland1997,Dallmann1999,Chwieduk2007).Itismostlycomposed
ofmassive,silicifled,veryhard,dark-greyorblackweathering-resistantrocks,
andissimilarthroughouttheentirezoneofitsoccurrence.Itscharacteristic
isgradationalsiliciflcationoflimestones,shalesandmudstonesuptopure
cherts,whichmakeupaboutahalfoftheformation.
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