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sandstonesandshales.ThedepositionofLowerandMiddleCarboniferous
sedimentswaslimitedtotectonictrenchesanddepressions,whileUpper
Carboniferous,PermianandMesozoicdepositscoveragreaterpartofSvalbard
(Harland1997).RocksoftheUpperPermianandMesozoichavebeenfound
tooccurmostlyonthesoutherncoastofIsfjorden,fromKappStarostinto
Festningen(Dallmannetal.1992,Dallmann1999,Ezaki1997,Harland1997),
whilePalaeogeneandNeogenerocks,itseems,werenotdepositedinawider
areathanfoundatpresent(Harland1997).WithEarlyPalaeogenetectonic
movementsonthewesternBarentsShelf,thedepositsoftheCarboniferous
toNeogeneSystemsbecamepartofthegreatsyncline-shapedstructureex-
tendingfromtheIsfjordenareatowardsthesouthoftheisland(Hjelle1993).
ThebestknowningeologicalandpalaeontologicaltermsistheSpitsbergen
Basin.CutbyanumberoffaultsrunningN-SandNNW-SSE,someofthem
activeintheCarboniferousandPermian,itwasdividedbyHarland(1997:
flg.17.4)intosmallerbasinareas:Eastern,CentralandWestern.IntheLate
Carboniferous,thereappearedelevatedzones(‘highs’)andtroughswithin
thebasins.PredominantinthetroughsareLowerCarboniferousdeposits,
oftenofsubstantialthickness(theBillefjordenTroughcontainssequencesof
Carboniferousrocksthatareabout1,500mthick),whiletheblocks,e.g.Ny
FrieslandorNordfjorden,weresourceareasofthesedimentarymaterial.In
theTournaisianandViséanthelatterwerestillpartlynegativelandforms;
intheSerpukhovian,however,thesituationwasreversedandduringthe
BashkirianandMoscoviantheblocksbecamepositivelandformsseparating
theEasternBasinfromtheWesternone(Harland1997).IntheLatePermian,
theNordfjordenBlockdroppedabitinrelationtothebasins(Harland1997).
TheWesternBasin,whichcontrastswiththisblockintermsoffacies,hasfolded
andfaultedrocksoverlyingamostlypre-Devonianbasement(Harland1997).
InthetopographyofthesouthernpartofSpitsbergen,inturn,inthe
CarboniferousthereappearedtheInnerHornsundTroughandtheSørkapp-
HornsundHigh.ThedepressionwasprobablypartoftheBjørnøyaBasin
situatedfarthersouth,fromtheFamenniantoBashkirianformingthesouth-
westernpartofatectonicriftortrenchthatextendedNNW-SSE(Harland
1997).TheSørkapp-HornsundHigh,inturn,formedintheBashkirianonthe
westerncoastoftheInnerHornsundTrough(Harland1997).
2.1.CarboniferousandPermianlithostratigraphyofthestudyarea
TheRugosacoralsIcollectedcomefromtheWesternBasinandtheInner
HornsundTrough.ThePermian-Carboniferoussuccessioninthoseareasmakes
upfourGroups.Startingwiththeoldest,thoseare:theBillefjordenGroup,built
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