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insteadofanintroduction
TheconditionsprevailingattheendoftheMiddleAges
colonissfromGermanysettledintheterritoryofcentralEuropean
wereconducivetonumerousmigrations.Frend-leaking
settlersmovedtotheRomano-Germanicethnicborderland,
countries-inPolandruledbythePiasdynasy,Bohemia,and
Hungary,andontheBalticSeacoas(PrussiaandLivonia).Unlike
inthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,inthatperiodtheethnic
origindidnotdeterminethenationalityoftheinhabitantsofEu-
rope;whatwasmudmoreimportantwasthefadofresidencein
acountryandidentificationwithitthroughthepersonoftheruler
ortheinhabitedprovinceortown.Teonlyexceptioninthisregard
wasthemigrationoftheJewishpopulation.Duetotheirdisind
religion,theyweretreatedassrangersinthecountrieswherethey
settled,althoughinPoland,forexample,theyenjoyedconsiderable
autonomyandwereprotededbytherulers.WithregardtoChris-
tians,eleciallyofthesamerite,noonemadesudobjedions.Tey
remainedresidentsofoneChrisianEurope,andtheirunationality”
wasdefinedbytheplacewheretheysettled.Whenmovingtoanoth-
ercountryorprincipality,emigrantswereobliged-iftheywantedto
adivelyparticipateinpubliclife-torecognisetheirsubordination
tothelocalrulerandtoaccepttheulocalcitizenship.”Chrisopher
Columbus,originallyfromGenoa,wentdowninhisoryasasubjed
ofthekingsofCasileandAragon,andthereforeaSpaniard.An
interesingexampleisthatofaCracowmerdantJanSweidniczer,
who,asacitizenofCracowandasubjedofthePolishking,moved
toToruńin1441toesablishatradingposandsettlehissonJerzy.
