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itself,regardlessfromvariousfunctionsitmayperform.Itisitsabsolutevalue
thatdeterminesthegoalandtasksofupbringingtoalargeextent.Manybeliefsof
Hessenrelatedtothatareamayalsobereferredtomodernsocialandculturalre-
alityaswellasnewchallengesofaestheticeducation,whicharenotofteneasy.
Culturallyresponsivepedagogy
,developedintheinter-warperiodinPoland
andinspiredmainlybytheideasbyofWilhelmDiltheyiEdwardSpranger,ac-
countedforexcessivedependenceofspiritualeducationofahumanbeingonsocio-
culturalheritageaswellason(re)cognitionandacquisitionofculturalvalues.Ser-
giuszHessen,asoneofthemostsignificantrepresentativesofthisstrandinEurope,
whoalsoconsideredpedagogytobeappliedphilosophyofvalues,approacheded-
ucationintermsofshapingpersonalitybyintroducinganindividualtothespiritual
worldthroughtheculturalworld,thatis,theworldtorevealandtomaterializeab-
solutevaluesincreationsofahumanbeing.Heveryoftenemphasizedthatpeda-
gogy
,asatheoryofeducation,isindeedappliedphilosophy
,andthushasthesame
objectiveasphilosophy:culturalvalues,realizedinaspirituallife.Pedagogystudies
thestructureofthesevaluesandthegrowthofaspirituallifeintermsofsetting
goalsandfunctionsofeducation,onthebasisofpracticalimplications.Henceped-
agogyisanappliedscience,butitstillmakesuseofthesamemethodasphilosophy
.
Asitconstitutesapersonal,notanobjectautonomy
,pedagogycannotbeseparated
fromphilosophy
.Itcouldbecomeandbeperceivedas„purestudyofeducation”
onlyatthecostofrenouncingitsproperobjective,thatiseducation1.
Hessenpresentedhispersonalisticandculturalapproachinpegagogyinhis
mainworks.Nowadays,atthetimeofthemomentumofcivilizationaldevel-
opment,histranscendentialviewonraisingseemstobegaininginsignificance
again.Referringtoadoctrinethatissoprofoundandhuman-orientedisbyall
meansnecessary;Hessen’sproposalsarestillaliveandinspiringandmaysignif-
icantlycontributetocontemporarypedagogy(boththeoreticalandpractical),al-
soforartpedagogy.
Itisnoteworthythattheperfectionofshapingone’spersonalityissupposed
totakeplaceonthebasisoffourfundamentallevelsofexistence,discussedby
Hessen,correspondingtofouroverlappingpillarsofeducation(biologicallife,
socialexistence,spiritualculturaland,intheend,transcendentiallevel,thatis,
aperfectmoralcommunity).Itisthenthethirdlevelofexistence,i.e.culture,
whichisstronglyaccentuatedwithinthissystem.Thisiswherehumanbeings
maycompletetheirsocialfulfillmentbyacquisitionofvalues.
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1S.Hessen,Osprzecznościachijednościwychowania.Zagadnieniapedagogikipersonalistycznej,ed.
W.Okoń,Warszawa1997,p.98.