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Masculinityandfemininity…
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imageofmasculinityandfemininitystereotypesgainedinthepresent
studyconductedinPolandandintheresearchconductedintheUSAin
the1980s.
InChapterTwo,MałgorzataSzarzyńskaandPaulTorofocusedon
thesocialgenesisofmasculinitystereotypesandtheprocessofsocial-
izationofcontemporarymen.Themodelofmalesexrolesocialization
processintroducedbyJamesO’NeilaswellastheGenderRoleConflict
Scale(GRCS)(O’Neiletal.,1986)arepresented.Theauthorsdiscuss
conflictsdealingwiththepresent-daysocializationofmen,andatra-
ditionalsexroleorientationandMasculineMystique.Negativeconse-
quencesofcontemporarymensocializationrelatingtosubstanceabuse,
anxiety,depressionandlifesatisfactionarepresented.
InChapterThreebyEugeniaMandal,masculinityandfemininity
areexaminedinthecontextofcloserelationships.Theauthorfocuseson
thephenomenonofpowerinmarriageandpresentsherownresearches
dealingwithdiferentkindsofpowerpossessedbywomenandmenin
marriage.Theauthordistinguishesthepowerbasedonthefinancialre-
sources,moreoftenpossessedbymen,andthepowerbasedonphysical
attractiveness,moreoftenpossessedbywomen.Thetypeofpossessed
power,sexandgender(femininityandmasculinity)canafectthepre-
ferredinfluencestrategiesusedinmarriage.
Thecategoryofmasculinitydescribedinthecontextofdomestic
violenceisthetopicofChapterFourbyDanutaRode.Theauthorpre-
sentedtheresultsofheroriginalresearchonthelargegroupofmale
perpetratorsofdomesticviolenceinPoland.Thein-depthcharacteris-
ticsfromthepointofviewof:self-esteem,self-control,temperament,
habitsofinterpersonalreactions,etc.,ispresented.Physicalandmental
healthconditionsaswellasfamilysocializationprocess,socialfunction-
ingandprofessionalstatusareanalysed.Theauthoralsodistinguishes
severaltypesofmen,perpetratorsofdomesticviolence:aggressive-reac-
tive,mildlyaggressive-reactive,hostilewithlowreactiveness,andlow
aggressivewithmoderatereactiveness.Componentsofthestereotypeof
masculinity,suchasaggressivenessanddirectstrategiesofcoping,play
animportantpartinanimageofdomesticviolence.
InChapterFive,EugeniaMandalandKarolinaZalewskaconsider
thestereotypeoffemininityinthecontextofwomen’smentalhealth.
Theydemonstratetheirownresearchescarriedoutonthegroupof
womenwitharecordofsuicideattempts.Itoccurredthatthesewom-
enarecharacterizedby:lowsenseofself-appeal,avoidant-attachment
style,submissionalstrategiesofself-presentationandemotional-orient-
edstyleofcoping.Theresultssuggestthatwomen’sexcessiveadapting
toweakandhelplessfemininitydoesnotlieatthebottomofthelack
