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TomaszKubin,MałgorzataLorencka,MałgorzataMyśliwiec
administration,nepotism,andconsolidationofaclientelisticsystem,whichwas
thereasonforpoliticalstagnationandlackofessentialreforms,whichthetwo
mainpoliticalparties,namelyPASOKandNewDemocracy,wereincapable
ofintroducing.Thecriticaleconomicsituationofthepost-2008stateandthe
austeritypolicyfurtherdeepenedthealreadyweakpublicconfidenceinstate
institutions,whichcontributedtoaradicalisationofsocialsentiment.Itwas
alsonoticedthatalong-termeconomiccrisisandthepolicyofausterityledto
theemergenceofanewsocio-politicaldivide:for/againstconditionalfinancial
supportbyforeigninstitutions,whichresultedintheriseintheimportanceof
radicalpoliticalgroupssuchastheleft-wingSyrizaortheneo-fascistGolden
Dawnparties.ConsiderationwasalsogiveninChapter2towhetherthelackof
economicstabilityinGreecewasrelatedtothepoliticalinstabilityofthegov-
ernmentcabinetsandtheneedtoconductthesixthearlyparliamentaryelections
(inarow),whichhadpavedradicalgroups’surgetopowerin2015.Theauthor
ofChapter2alsorealizesthatinthecaseofGreece,asignificantlycrucialproc-
essthatfurtherdeepenedtheeconomicandpoliticalcrisiswasanincreasein
theinfluxofimmigrantsfromtheMiddleEastandnorthernAfricaasaresultof
themilitaryconflictsthatragedinthosepartsoftheworld.Theconsiderations
containedinChapter2endinasummary.
Chapter3isdevotedtothefunctioningofthepoliticalsystemofSpainaf-
ter2008.Thestartingpointforanalysisweretheeventsfromtheturnof2015,
whenacompletelynewpoliticalpowersetupappearedinthelowerhouseof
theSpanishparliamentfollowingelectiontotheCongressofDeputies.Itsspe-
cificityandthedivergentpoliticalinterestspresentedbythepoliticiansofthe
particulargroups,ledtothemostseriousgovernmentalcrisisinthiscountry
sincetheestablishmentofdemocraticconstitutionalorderin1978.
Thestructureofthechapterisbasedonaseriesofdetailedhypothesesand
onageneralhypothesis,whichwereraisedatthebeginningofthechapterand
correspondtothedetailedquestionsandhypothesesandthemainhypothesis
mentionedatthebeginningofthebook.Thefirstpartstrivestodetermineto
whatextenttheconsecutiveeconomiccrisesinthehistoryofSpainimpactedthe
shapingofthepoliticalsystemofthisstateinthesecondhalfofthe20thcentu-
ry.Next,astudywasconductedtodeterminetowhatdegreethedeepeconomic
crisisof2008ledtoadeteriorationofpublicconfidenceintheinstitutionsofthe
Spanishstatethathadbeenshapedinthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury.The
subsequentpartsofthechapterdemonstratetheconsequencesofthisweakening
ofconfidence:theemergenceofnewsocialmovementsfightingfortherightsof
thosebearingthebruntoftheeconomiccrisis,utilisationoftheirsocialimpact
tobuildthepoliticalpositionofnewSpanishstate-wideparties,theirwinningof
aconsiderableamountofvotestotheCongressofDeputies,theirthwartingof
attemptstoformagovernmentinthepoliticalcentre,andproposalsofthemain