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TomaszKubin
subsequentparts.Apartfrompoliticalconsequences,thecrisisanditsaftermath
ledtotheintroductionofvariouseconomicreforms.
Inthecaseofthesaidinternationalorganisations,itledtoveryconsiderable
reformsinthefunctioningoftheEUandtheEconomicandMonetaryUnion
(EMU),aswellastoafurtherdeepeningofthelevelofintegrationbetweenEU
states.1Thecrisisandtheexperiencesresultingfromthedeliveryoffinancial
assistanceprogrammesundertakenbytheIMF,willcertainlyhaveasignificant
influenceontheapproachthisorganisationtakesinthefuturewithregardto
suchissuesaspreventionofeconomiccrises,thedrafting,implementation,and
controlofassistanceprogrammesortheadvisoryactivityoftheIMF.
Withregardtothestatesanalysed,namelyGreece,Spain,andItaly,among
thecausesofthecrisisarethosewhichweresomewhat“external”innature,
thatis,theywereindependentfromthepoliticsofthesestatesorwhichhad
averyinsignificantorindirectinfluenceonitsoutbreak.Theywillbesubjectto
asyntheticanalysisinsection1.2ofthechapter.Thesecondgroupofcausesare
thoserelatedtothefunctioningofGreece,Spain,andItalyintheEU,whereas
thethirdgroupincludescauseswhicharespecificforastateandcoversfaults
initseconomicpoliciesandstate-specificmacroeconomicimbalances.Thecir-
cumstancesandconditionsthatmakeupthelasttwogroupsofcausesthatcon-
tributedtothecrisisareverycloselyrelatedandforthisreasonwillbepresented
jointly.Theseissueswillbedealtwithinthesecondpartofthischapter(section
1.3).Thispartincludesaseriesofdifferentstatisticaldata,whichpresentsthe
economicmanifestationsandconsequencesofseveralyearsofcrisisinGreece,
Spain,andItaly.Presentingdataonlyonthethreestateswithoutcomparing
themwithothers,wouldnotprovideuswithmuchinformation.Thatiswhy,as
mentionedatthebeginning,itisnecessarytopresentthisdataalongsideother
EUstatesinordertobettershowandunderstandtheeffectsofthecrisis.
Theeconomicconsequencesofthecrisis,mainlyinthecaseofGreece,
weresoseverethatthecountrywasnotabletocopewiththemonitsown
andhadtoaskforassistancefrominternationalorganisationsandinstitutions.
Spainreceivedmuchlessexternalassistancetothisextent.Theconditionsof
theseprogrammes,controlovertheirexecutionbyEUinstitutionsandtheIMF,
aswellastheeffectsofthecrisismeantthatitbecamenecessarytointroduce
aseriesofreformsaimedtoreinstateeconomicbalanceandstability.Theeco-
nomicactionsundertakeninGreece,Spain,andinItalyinresponsetothecrisis
arethesubjectofsection1.4.Takingintoaccounttherelationsbetweenthe
economyandpoliticsasdefinedatthebeginning,theeconomicmanifestations
andconsequencesofthecrisisinGreece,Spain,andinItalyconstituteastart-
ingpointforthepresentationandanalysisoftheirinfluenceonthechangesin
1SeeforexampleTiKUbIN:“Kryzysgospodarczyizadłużeniowyazróżnicowanieinte-
gracjiwUniiEuropejskiej.”StudiaEuropejskie2012,vol.3(63),pp.71192.