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Evolutionofcopyright–realityorillusion?
Admittedly,theECJgenerallyhastodealwithratheruntypicalsituations.Teseunu-
sualcaseshelptodefinerelevantthresholdsforuseofawork.Afterall,thedefinition
ofrelevantcopyrightuseforaworkissignificantforthewholeareaofcopyrightlaw.
Astheresultoftechnologicaldevelopments,thenumberofwaysthataworkmay
beusedisincreasing.Tereareevermorewaysofnormallyreproducingor(publicly)
disseminatingawork.Teremaybereasonabledoubtsastowhetherinsomesitua-
tionsrelatedtomakinguseofawork,suchuseis“normal”,i.e.shallbecoveredby
theauthor’sexclusiverights.“Normal”meansanactofworkuse[usingthework],
whichforjustifiedreasonsshouldbereservedexclusivelytotheentitledperson.For
example:whenamobilephoneringsinthestreet,doesthismeanthatthetelephone
userisdisseminatingthemusicwork?Whenabandofmusiciansisrehearsinginprem-
iseswithopenwindowsorloudmusiccanbeheardinablockofflats–isthisuseof
thework(dissemination)relevantinthelightofcopyright?Andwhenthetelevision
broadcastsaninterviewwithapersondressedinacharacteristicshirtwithanattractive
graphicmotiforbrooch–arethesetheactsofrelevantworkuse?
2.USEOFWORKINPOLISHDOCTRINE
–SUMMARYREMARKS
Tedefinitionofauthor’seconomicrights6inArt.17PCA7whereby“[ł]theauthor
shallhaveanexclusiverighttousetheworkandtomanageitsusethroughoutall
thefieldsofexploitationandtoreceiveremunerationfortheuseofthework”,encom-
passestheexclusive,ergaomnesrightstodecideonanyformofworkuseasanimma-
terialgood8.Tisstilldoesnotshedmuchlighton“workuse”assuch.Tereare
substantialdoubtsinPolishdoctrineoneachaspectofworkuse.Teinitialquestion
isifitencompassesonlyreal,factualactsofuse(directworkuse)oralsothosewhich
enableotherstousethework(indirectworkuse;forinstance,concludingcontracts
authorizingotherstousethework)9.Tisissuewillnotbediscussedindetailasitis
outsidetheremitofthispaper10.
Sincecopyrightcanbe“partitioned”intosmallerparts–fieldsofexploitation,
itisreasonabletosaythatthescopeofuseoftheworkisthetotaloftheseexploita-
tionfields(asfarastheyareknownatthemomentofworkuse)11.Becauseworks
canbeexploitedinnewwaysduetothecontinuousadvancesinsociety,thetotal
6Forthesakeofclarity,theserights(majątkoweprawaautorskie;exploitationrights)protect
author’sfinancialinterests,contrarytoauthor’spersonalrights(osobisteprawaautorskie).
7Ustawaz4.02.1994r.oprawieautorskimiprawachpokrewnych[PolishCopyrightAct]
(Dz.U.z2017r.poz.880),dalej:PCA.
8E.Traple,(in:)SystemPrawaPrywatnego,vol.13,Prawoautorskie,J.Barta(ed.),Warszawa
2013,p.147.
9J.Barta,R.Markiewicz,Prawoautorskie,Warszawa2013,p.127.
10See:E.Laskowska,Konstrukcjaochronyprawnoautorskiejnatleprocesueuropeizacjiprawa
prywatnego,Warszawa2016,p.197.
11M.Czajkowska-Dąbrowska,Polaeksploatacjiutworów,czyliodezintergracjipojęcia,(in:)Spory
owłasnośćintelektualną.KsięgajubileuszowadedykowanaProfesoromJanuszowiBarcieiRyszardowi
Markiewiczowi,A.Matlak,S.Stanisławska-Kloc(eds),Warszawa2013,p.170.
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