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KoriSchake
limitsonmilitarypersonnelandequipment(tanks,armouredpersonnel
carriers,combataircraft,combatmanpoweroutsidenationalterritory)in
theregionfromtheAtlantictotheUrals,greatertransparencyformilitary
exercises,andanacceleratedtimetableforachievingalltheseU.S.-Soviet
agreements.Itprovidedanambitiousagendaincorporatingissuesof
concerntotheSoviets(endingsanctions,limitsonU.S.forcesinEurope,
fundingandtechnologyforenvironmentalcleanupandprevention).
Bushispolicyinitiativesgaveconcreteformtothespeechispromise
thatlegitimateSovietsecurityconcernswouldberespected.They
removedsanctionsthatinhibitedtheSovieteconomyandstigmatisedit
diplomatically,limitedNATO—andparticularlyU.S.—militaryforcesboth
numericallyandinthecategoriesoftheWestiscomparativeadvantages
(combataircraft),andacceleratedthetimetabletodemonstratethe
seriousnessoftheWesternintent.
TheRussianProblem.Bushis“Europewholeandfree”speechsought
toreassuretheSovietsthattheU.S.wouldnottakeadvantageoftheir
retreat—buthedidsowithoutacceptingtheSovietapproachtomaking
themselvessecurebydenyingsecuritytoothers.“LettheSovietsknowthat
ourgoalisnottounderminetheirlegitimatesecurityinterests.Ourgoalis
toconvincethem,step-by-step,thattheirdefinitionofsecurityisobsolete,
thattheirdeepestfearsareunfounded.”
Gorbachevisproposalin1987fora“commonEuropeanhome”was,
andclearlyremains,RussiaispreferredEuropeansecurityarchitecture,
principallybecauseitexcludestheUnitedStates.Russiaisproblem,then
andnow,isthatotherEuropeanstateswantAmericanparticipation,want
promisesofAmericanprotectionbecausetheydonittrustRussia.
TheSovietleaderispubliccommentsattheMaltasummitinDecember
of1989seemedtoacceptthetermsonofferbytheWest:“Theworldis
leavingoneepochandenteringanother.Weareatthebeginningofalong
roadtoalasting,peacefulera.Thethreatofforce,mistrust,psychological
andideologicalstruggleshouldallbethingsofthepast.”WhatGorbachev
permittedtooccur,allowingformerWarsawPactstatestheirfreedomand
thedissolutionoftheSovietUnion,arethedifferencebetweenaEurope
soakedinbloodtoattainitsfreedom,andthememoriesofBerliniswall
beingsmashedtopiecesbyitsexultantpeople.Weshouldlookonthe
