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ŁukaszTomczak
LegalbasisofthePolishpartysystem
InPoland,thereisfreedomforestablishingpoliticalparties,ascreatingaparty
doesnotrequireapermissionfromanystateinstitution.Bothregisteredandunreg-
isteredpartiesmayoperateinPoland;however,thelatter,thoughlawful,arenot
legalentities[Wojtaszczyk2011:20].Legalregulationsconcerningthepartysystem
areincludedintheconstitutionandlegalacts.
Apossibilityoflegalcreationofapartyappearedwhentheconstitutionof29
December1989wasamendedandthepassagesaboutthepoliticalleadershiproleof
PUWPandthecoalitionbetweenPUWP
,theUnitedPeople’sPartyandtheAlliance
ofDemocratswereremovedfromtheconstitution.Anewpassagewasincluded,
statingthat“politicalpartiesshallbefoundedontheprincipleofvoluntariness
andupontheequalityofPolishcitizens,andtheirpurposeshallbetoinfluencethe
formulationofthepolicyoftheStatebydemocraticmeans”[Migalski,Wojtasik,
andMazur2006:16].
Tefirstactonpoliticalpartieswasproclaimedon28July1990.Itwasestablished
thatintheupcomingpartysystem,fewlimitationsforthecreationandoperation
ofpoliticalpartiesshouldbeintroduced.Suchanassumption,combinedwithvery
basicrequirementsconcerningregistrationprocedure,wouldencouragecitizensto
establishnewpoliticalparties.Inmanycases,registeredpartieswerenotpolitically
active,andsometimesfocusedonbusinessactivityinstead,whichwasallowedby
thearticlesofthelaw[Wojtaszczyk2011:16].Accordingtotherequirements,the
ProvincialCourtinWarsawregisteredpartiesonthebasisofanapplicationsigned
byatleast15people.
Teadvantagesofthislegalactincludethefactthatpoliticalpartiesbecame
sanctionedbylawandseparatedfromotherorganizations.Yet,thislawhadmany
drawbacks,whichincluded,forinstance,alackofdetailedregulationsconcerning
suchimportantissuesastherulesforestablishing,registeringanddissolvingparties,
measuresforintroducingabanonaparty’soperations,measuresforaccounting
andcontrollingtheinternalrulesoffinancingapoliticalpartyandrulesforthe
possiblefinancingfromthestatebudget,andregulationsconcerningtheconditions
onwhichapartymayrunabusinessactivity.Alackofobjectivesandrulesthat
apoliticalpartymustfollowwasalsoperceivedasanissue.
Aneasierregistrationprocedurewasoneofthereasonswhyalargenumberof
partieswerecreated,andaboveallitenabledtocreatesuchorganisationsthathad
littletodowithaclassicoperationofapoliticalparty.Untilanewlegalactwas
introduced,over300partieswereregistered.
Currently,thelegalbasisofthepartysystemisconstitutedbyArticles11and13
oftheConstitutionofthePolishRepublicof2April1997,andPoliticalPartiesAct
of27June1997.InchapterI,Article11,clause1,theConstitutionstatesthat“Te
