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Introduction–LechDrab,AndrzejSoboń
Theypresentthenewstructureandtasksofbothinstitutionsinaclear
manner,payingparticularattentiontolegalissuesrelatedtotheactivities
ofthoseorganizationsinordertokeepthebalancebetweentheneedsof
statesecurityandtherightsofcitizens.Thirdpartofthisarticleisdedicated
toLauraD’OrianowhowasaspyduringtheSecondWorldWarforthe
AlliesandtheonlywomanwhowassentencedtodeathbyItaly.According
totheauthors’analysesincontemporaryworld,astrongandreactive
intelligenceisabletofaceallchallengesofglobalizationandisessentialto
defendtheItaliannationandmakeitsafer.
CadetKazimierasPAKĖNASandCadetVismantasMINELGA,
bothfromGeneralJonasŽemaitisMilitaryAcademyofLithuania,arethe
authorsofthethirdarticleentitledThechangeintheroleofintelligence
aftertheterroristattacksofSeptember11.Theauthorsofthisarticletryto
answerthequestionhowintelligencechangedaftertheattacksof
September11intermsoflegislationandactualresponsetothechanging
terrorismthreatsofthe21stcentury.Atthebeginning,theyanalyzefactors
thatledtothefailuretopredictandpreventtheterroristattacksof
September11.Afterwards,theauthorsexamineintelligencelegislation
reformsthatwereintroducedintheUnitedStates,FranceandtheUnited
Kingdomaftertheterroristattacks.FromtheCadetspointofviewthe
reformsofintelligencewerelargelybasedoninformationexchanged
betweendomesticandinternationalinstitutions,operationalchangesand
theincreaseofintelligencecapabilitiesandresources.However,itis
questionablewhethertheywereeffective.
Thefourth,andthelastarticleofthefirstpartofthepublicationis
titledEUarmysovitalbutsocontroversialandwaswrittenby2LTGuardo
GIORGIOandTorriMATTEObothfromUniversityofTurin,Italy.The
authorstrytoprovethatthemajorintegrationoftheEuropeanforeign
policythroughthecreationofaEuropeanarmymaybringsomebenefitsto
theEuropeanmembersintermsofoffensive,capability,andinternational
weightoftheUnion.Theyprovidedeephistoricalanalysesaboutthe
implementationoftheCommonForeignandDefencePolicybythe
Europeanstates,andafterthatthecreationoftheCommonSecurityand
DefencePolicy.Accordingtotheauthors,theuseofexistinginitiativeslike
PESCO,CADR,EDFcouldgivetheEUthepossibilityofacquiringcritical
capabilities,acommonandeffectivetypeofarmamentandmilitary
equipmentand,whatismostimportant,billionsofEuroscouldbesaved
byadoptingimportantcommondecisions.Itishardtodisagreewiththe
authorsthattheEuropeanarmyisonlyonpapertoday,butthebenefitsmay
seemmoreconvincingthanthedrawbacks.TheEUsurelyneedstobe
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