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arrestsweremadeinbothcountriesinaconcertedeffort.InJune2012,SahbiZalouti,MunirAwad,Omar
AboelazmandMounirDhahriwereconvictedofattemptedterrorism.
Inalltheplots,theindividualsinvolvedhadtiestobroaderconstituentenvironmentsand,asindicated,
severaloftheDanishcasesweredirectlylinkedtoeachother.Inthefollowingsectionapictureofthe
Danishenvironmentisdrawnforthepurposeofinformingthesubsequentdiscussionofthepotential,the
challengesandthepitfallsofastrategyrelyingonpretextualprosecutionsofkeyactorswhofacilitate
terrorism.
TheMilitantIslamistEnvironmentinDenmark
ThemilitantIslamistenvironmentinDenmarkinmanywaysresemblesothercounter-cultural
environments.5Verydifferentindividualswhoaresearchingfordifferentrewards,usingtheenvironment
fordifferentpurposesandengagingindifferentactivitiesinhabitit.Someengageinterrorism
orterrorism-relatedactivities,someinotherillegalactivitiesandsomeengageonlyinsocialactivities
orsimplyhangaround.Asharedworldview,asharedcultureandverystrongsocialbondstiethe
environmenttogether.
TheperceptionthatMuslimsarethevictimsofinjusticesandoppressioninaglobalaswellasaDanish
contextconstitutesthebackboneintheworldviewoftheenvironment.Warsandviolentconflictsacross
theworldarelinkedwithconflictsandchallengesinDenmark,topaintanoverallpictureofageneral
adversarialrelationshipbetweenMuslimsandnon-Muslims,whereMuslimsareseentobesuperior
toothersbutcurrentlyvictimised.
Thisisconstruedastheresultofaworldordercurrentlydominatedbycapitalism,multiculturalismand
man-maderulesandsystems,suchasdemocracy,wheredecadenceanddoublestandardsareseen
toprevail.Thecritiqueisalsoaimedatwhatisseenasamoralbehaviour,includingsexualpromiscuity,
homosexuality,thedissolutionoftraditionalfamilystructuresandacultureofhedonism.
Asanalternativetothis,theIslamicstate—ortheCaliphate—isseenastheultimatejustandgood
society.6
Inorderwords,whatspurstheenvironmentisaharshcritiqueoftheexistingworldorderandawishfor
revolutionarychanges.
InadditiontoseeingtheWorldEstablishmentasanenemy,theenvironmentdefinesbothnon-Muslims
andMuslimswhodonotrejectmulticulturalismanddemocracyasadversaries.Generallytheworld
isdividedinto
us
versus
them
,somethingthatisstronglyemphasisedinspeechesandwritten
publications.Butinothercontextsthanthecarefullypreparedspeechesandwrittenmaterials,the
worldviewismorevaried.Opinionsdiffer,forexample,whenitcomestodefininglong-termgoalsand
howtoattainthem.Inpractice,theideologiesaswellastheenemyimagesareconstantlysubject
todebateandthereforeanythingbutstatic.Bothareconstantlybeingdiscussedanddeveloped,just
astheymayundergochangesinconnectionwithconcreteevents.7
Inadditiontothesesimpleandeasilyunderstandablenarratives,theenvironmentoffersverystrong
socialbonds.Theinhabitantsoftheenvironmenthavetheirownrulesandritualsaswellasadistinct
language,mannersanddresscodes,makingitpossibleforthemtorecogniseeachotheranddistance
themselvesfromthesurroundingsocietyandsimultaneouslystrengthentheirsenseofbelonging.The
inhabitantswillgotogreatlengthsforeachother.Theysharevirtuallyeverythingandexhibitagreatdeal
ofaffectionbycollectingmoneyorclothing,providinghousing,transportationandcare,givingeachother
massages,preparingmealsforeachotherandofferingemotionalsupportindifficulttimes.
Intheenvironment,daringtospeakupagainstthoseinpowerandpayingapricefordoing
soisasourceofcredibilityandauthority.Individualsandgroupswhohaveputsomethingonthelineare
seenashavingproventheirworth,andasaconsequencesuchindividualsandgroupsareattributed
credibility—whatevertheysayordowillasapointofdepartureberegardedasworthlisteningto.The
moretheyareagainsttheauthorities,themoretheyhaveputonthelineandthemoretheyhavebeen
punished,themorecredibleandworthytheyare.
Thiswayofattributingcredibilityandauthoritymeansthatindividualswhotakeactionand
asaconsequencefindthemselvesinconflictwiththeauthoritiesareautomaticallyattributedcredibility
andstatus.Ifnotbecauseothersadmire
what
theydothenatleastbecausetheyadmire
that
theydoit.8
Beingpartoftheenvironmentalsograntstheinhabitantsaccesstoanidentityasoneofthe
chosenfew
whounderstandthestateofaffairsandwhatneedstobedone.Thisself-imageoriginatesfrom
anarrativeabouttheEndofDaysinwhichanareacalled
Khorasan
istobethesceneofabattle
symbolisingthebeginningoftheend.Inthisarea,asmallgroupofmenwithlonghairandlongbeards,
wearingwhiteclothesandcarryingbannerswiththeIslamiccreedwilldefeatanoverwhelmingforeign
occupation.ThisareacoverswhatistodayknownasAfghanistan,andintheenvironmenttheTaliban’s
resistancetothepresenceofNATOandISAFtroopsisperceivedtobepartofthissymbolicbattle.Inthe
narrative,thebattlewillbeasignthatthefinalclashbetweengoodandevilhasbegunandthatall
humanbeingswillhavetotakesides.Partofthenarrativeisthatonlyasmallminoritywillunderstand
thisandjointhebattlebyengaginginviolentactivitiesandthatthesearethechosenfewwhoarenot
onlydestinedforgreatnessandensuredaplaceinParadisebutalsoendowedwiththeabilitytosee
everythingelseclearly,too.9Becomingpartoftheenvironmentisinitselfseenasproofofbeingamong
thechosenfewandisconsequentlyagreatsourceofself-confidence.