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Countrieshavedealtinvariouswayswiththeproblemofthesecretservices,aterm
westress,becausetheproblemcannotbereducedmerelytooneofaccesstoarchives.
AsNoelCalhounhasaptlyentitledhissurveyofaccountingwiththepastinGer-
many,PolandandRussia,therole,character,andlegaciesoftheseinstitutionsleadto
ahostofDilemmasofJusticeinEasternEurope)sDemocraticTransitions4.
Thus,questionsoflustration(dealingwitherstwhileinformerstothesecretpo-
lice)anddecommunization(dealingwithformer,usuallyhigher,Partyofficials)are
runningsoresthathavetodowhatpost-communistsshoulddoaboutthepresence
ofthepast,andparticularlytheformeractivitiesofsecretservices.Theyarecom-
monlytreatedasprimarilymoralquestionsofretributivejustice,whichofcourse
theyalsoare.However,thereisasignificantsociologicaldimensiontothem,asis
moststronglyarguedbyŁośandZybertowicz5.Forthequestionsoflustrationand
decommunizationinvolvecorequestionsaboutbuildinganewpoliticalandlegal
order.Theyarethusnotmerelymattersofcriminallawandcriminology,butequal-
lyonesofpubliclaw,ordroitpolitique,thatistheprinciples,structuresandinstitu-
tionsthatconstituteanewregime,andnewpolity.
ThethesisofŁośandZybertowiczisexpressedinthetitleoftheirbook:Privatiz-
ingthePoliceState.Theprocessoftransformation,thatis,ofbothexitfromcommu-
nismandthebeginningsofthenewstructures,particularlythoseconnectedwith
thenewdistributionofproperty,wastoasignificantdegree,theyclaim,controlled
bymembersoftheformersecretservices.WritingprimarilyofPoland,butclaiming
moregeneralapplicability,theyclaimthat‘[a]wellorchestratedparty/army/police
strategyallowedthemostpowerfulnomenklaturanetworkstomaintainarelatively
highdegreeofinformalcontroloverthemultiple,unexpectedprocessesofchange
thatturnedanattemptedreformintoasystemictransformation)
6
.Particularlyworth
notingaretheiranalysesoftheinfluenceofthespecialservicesoneconomicchang-
esandtheconnectionsbetweenpost-communisttransformations,secretpoliceskills
andaccesstoinformationandnetworks,withprocessesofglobalisation.
Theimplicationsofthisanalysisforasocio-legalunderstandingofthequalityand
actualfunctioningoflawareveryimportantespeciallyifonefollowsseriouslyEu-
genEhrlichthat‘thecenterofgravityoflegaldevelopmentliesnotinlegislation,nor
injuristicscience,norinjudicialdecision,butinsocietyitself,
)7.Tracingthespecific
characterofparticularsocialorders,andtheparticularwaystheyimpingeon(and
areaffectedby)theformallegalorder,wouldseemanobviousnecessity.Butwith
regardtothe‘posthumous)operationsoftheinstitutionsofthesepolicestates,this
hasrarelybeendone,partlybecauseitisextremelyhardtodoandmoreimportant-
lybecausetheproblemhasoftenbeenassumedaway.Fromasocio-legalviewpoint,
however,asalsofromthatofthetrulyagonizingnormativedilemmasoftransfor-
mation,thefollowingthesisiskey:‘Adegreeofpolice-stateprivatisationseemsin-
evitableinanypeacefullynegotiatedtransformationofapolicestateintoademo-
4
Calhoun,Noel(2004),DilemmasofJusticeinEasternEurope)sDemocraticTransitions,Palgrave/Mac-
millan,NewYork.
5
Łoś,MariaandZybertowicz,Andrzej(2000),PrivatisingthePolice-State.TheCaseofPoland,Mac-
millan,NewYork.
6Ibidem,p.217.
7EhrlichEugen,FundamentalPrinciplesofthetoSociologyofLaw,BasicBooks,2002,p.LVIV
.
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