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AleksyMołdowan
theimplementedintegrationprocessesinteract,complementeachotherandbecome
thecausativeagentofsuccessive,newphenomenaandconditions(Ładyka2001:p.27).
Ingeneral,despitesomedisadvantages,Balassa’sclassifcationandallothersbased
uponithavetremendousacademicvalueandallowsomeimportantconclusionstobe
drawn.Inasituation,whereoneormoreparticipantsofthegroupingstriveforthemaxi-
mumlevelofintegration,determiningthecurrentform(stage)ofintegrationaccordingto
thecitedclassifcationhelpstosignaltheircoordinatesalongthisroute.
3.Methodofintegration.J.Tinbergenintroducedtheconceptsofpositiveand
negativeintegration.Bynegativeintegration,heunderstandstheremovalofobstacles
totradebetweenmemberstates,andabovealltheeliminationofmutualbarriersand
restrictionsintheprocessofimplementingexchange(Tinbergen1954).
Positiveintegration,inturn,meanscreatinginstrumentsinthesphereofeconomic
policy(andmoreimportantly,implementingnewinstrumentsandinstitutions)thatwould
facilitatetheproperandefectivefunctioningofthemarketintheintegratedarea.Itre-
quiresthecreationofnewinstitutionalformsthatconditionefectivepublicinterventions,
whichinmanycasesmeanstheneedtotransferthejurisdictionofnationalgovernments
tosupranationalinstitutions,ortheconstructionofnewinstitutionswithspecialpowers.
Inotherwords,negativeintegrationmeanstheeliminationofdiscriminationinterms
ofregulationsandeconomicpolicyimplementedunderjointsupervision,whilepositive
integrationisakindoftransferofjointinstitutionsorjointexecutionofpower,atleastto
someextent(Tinbergen1954).
Theliteratureonthesubjectmentionsanotherapproachtotheclassifcationofinte-
grationmethods,accordingtowhichthereexisttwomethods:
▪
functional,
▪
institutional(Sannwald,Stohler1959).
Proponentsoftheformerofthesemethodsindicatethatthemainroleintheprocess
ofeconomicintegrationshouldbeplayedbythemarketmechanism,andtheroleof
statesandjointinstitutionsshouldbelimitedtoremovingbarriersininternationaltrade
andensuringthefreemovementofgoodsandservicesaswellasproductionfactors
(labourandcapital).
Accordingtotheproponentsoftheinstitutionalmethod,economicintegrationispos-
sibleprovidedthatthestatesactinconcert.Signifcantapproximation(harmonisation)of
policyisrequired,orevenbetter-fullharmonisation.Suchanapproachimpliestheneed
tosetupjointinstitutionswithsupranationalpowersthatareabletoimplementjoint
operationsattheexpenseoflimitingthejurisdictionofnationalauthorities.
Accordingtotheapproachcurrentlyprevailinginscience,thesemethodsarenot
contradictory,butcomplementary.Attheinitialstagesofeconomicintegration,function-
alintegrationisamoreefectivemethod,butastheintegrationdeepens,theinstitutional
methodshouldbeaimedfor.
However,unresolvedissuesincludehowtodetermineexactlyatwhatstagesthe
functionalmethodissumcientandwhentoapplytotheinstitutionalmethod.Usually,
thereisunanimousagreementononepointonly-theinitialstageofinternational
