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Introduction
atfemalepatronsasanexpressionofeconomicpolicyinestatesman-
agedbywomenintheeighteenthcentury.U.Kicińskapointstotheim-
portantroleofcourtoficialsinthemanagementoftheestatesowned
byfemalemagnates,asthoseoficialsindirectlyconstitutedalinkbe-
tweenthefemalecourtandthesubjectsinlandedestates.Courtofi-
cialsalsomanagedthefinancialtransactionsoftheirpatronessesand
oversawboththeharvestandleasecontracts.Theauthorfocusesnot
onlyonestatemanagement,butalsotriestoshowtheworldofcourt
oficials,estatemanagersandtheirrelationswithpatronesses.Similar-
ly,AgnieszkaLaszczak-Słabydiscussesthesituationofstableservants
atPolishmagnatecourtsinthe18thcentury.Theauthorfocusesnot
onlyontheselectedaspectsofstableservantsworkandlife,butalso
onstudfarms,whichinthePolish-LithuanianCommonwealthhadboth
aneconomicorprestigevalueandasymbolicone.
BożenaPopiołek’stextisanattemptatreconstructingtheworldoffe-
maleownersofprovincialmanorsonthebasisoftheiraccountingbooks,
householddiaries,andmanorinventories.Itshowstheinterestingworld
ofPolishprovincialnobility,whoseaspirationsforsocialadvancement
totheelitewerefrequentlylimitedbytheirfinancialmeans.Theauthor
alsodemonstratesthatitispossibletoanalyzeaccountingdocuments
togetaninsightintothementalityofpastsocieties.
EstherGrifin-vanOrsouwanalysesthedevelopmentofidentityand
attemptsatestablishingsocialstatusthrougharchitecturalandartistic
undertakings.SheconcentratesonthearchitecturalplansoftheWar-
sawpalaceofLudwikaZamoyska,néePoniatowska,thesisterofKing
StanisławAugustPoniatowski.Theauthoranalysesthelayoutofthe
apartments,theirpurpose,andtheroletheyplayedinthelifeofthe
courtofLudwikaZamoyska.Shepaysattentiontothefurnishingsofthe
residence,thegalleryoffamilyportraits,theirimportanceinthepro-
cessofcreatingtheimageoftheroyalfamily,andtheroleofLudwi-
kaZamoyskainthisprocess.Inasimilarvein,KarinSchrader’stext
analysestheuseofminiatureimagesinpoliticalpropagandaandthe
roleofmaterialcultureinresearchontheroleofartisticpatronage.
K.Schraderemphasizesfirstofalltheunusualculturalandeconomic
roleofportraitminiatures,theirimportanceinthestudyofcourticonog-
raphy,orthehistoryofmentality.Theseminiatureworksofportraitart
servedanimportantculturalfunctionandwereavaluabletoolofcourt
propaganda.Lastpaper-byAnnaPenkała-Jastrzebska,examinatesthe
problemofFashionasacarrierofcarrierofFrenchcourtculture.The
authorshowsthatinthe18thcentury,wealthywomenwereequipped
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