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LiteratureinTranslation:AlteringthePerspective
Furthermore,thepredominantnormativeapproachesfavouredthe
synchronicanalysisofthesourcevs.targettext,andoftenunderesti-
mated,ordeemednegativetheshapingimpactofthereceivingculture.
Thecontemptfortranslationsdisplayingexcessivecompliancewiththe
preferencesoftheirimmediateaudiencesforthepriceofdepartures
fromtheoriginal,ledalsotodowngradingorstigmatisingtranslation
practiceswhichsetastheirprioritycompliancewithcurrentaesthetic
conventions,alongwithallthenecessarycourage,sensitivityandin-
ventivenesssuchpracticesinvolve.Onthemateriallevel,thenorma-
tiveattitudeswouldrelegatetothefringesofscholarlyinterestvarious
formsofabridgements,secondarytranslationsortranslationsbased
onunknownsourcetexts.Significantlyenough,itisinparticularthe
theatricalreceptionofdramawhichoftenlicensedfreeborrowings
anddaringadaptationsoftheforeignrepertoire,andthussomewhat
naturallyprivilegedthedemandsofthecontemporarystageover
linguisticaccuracy.
Additionally,thedisciplinarybiaswasalsoprojectedontothe
researchprofile,andforgedthepreferenceforeitherliteraryornon-
literarytexts.Thedependenceontraditionalmethodologicaltools,
combinedwiththeunnaturalsplitwithintheareaofresearch,could
notbuthinderthedevelopmentoftranslationtheory.Consequently,
attheendofthetwentiethcenturythepostulatesfortheestablishment
ofanindependentdisciplineforthestudyoftranslationwerearticu-
latedwithparticularinsistenceandurgency.However,theabsence
ofcomprehensivetheoriesoftranslationresultednotonlyfromthe
indebtednessto,orinterferenceofadjacentfields.Themethodological
dilemmasstemmedalsofromtheempiricalnatureoftheproposed
foundinthelocusclassicusofearlyTranslationStudies,i.e.TheoHermans’intro-
ductiontoTheManipulationofLiterature.StudiesinLiteraryTranslation,often
seenasamanifestoofthenewdiscipline.Distancingitselffromtheaforementioned
normativeandevaluativebiasoftheformermethodologies,Hermansinsistedon
“aviewofliteratureasacomplexanddynamicsystem;aconvictionthatthereshould
beacontinualinterplaybetweentheoreticalmodelsandpracticalcasestudies;an
approachtoliterarytranslationwhichisdescriptive,target-oriented,functionaland
systemic;andaninterestinthenormsandconstraintsthatgoverntheproductionand
receptionoftranslations,intherelationbetweentranslationandothertypesoftext
processing,andintheplaceandroleoftranslationsbothwithinagivenliterature
andintheinteractionbetweenliteratures”(1985:10-1).
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